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. 2020 Feb 4;10:1807. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58368-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PVAT independent of vessel demonstrates profound stress relaxation. (a) Histology of PVAT separated from proper vessel to validate the adventitia is still present in the vessel. Representative of six separate rats. (b) Image of an aortic ring +PVAT, aortic ring −PVAT and PVAT ring alone when placed between two L-shaped hooks and with no tension applied. (c) Quantitation of the cumulative tension achieved with each stretch step in aortic ring +/− its PVAT or PVAT ring alone. (d) Quantitation of the area under the curve for aortic ring +PVAT, aortic ring −PVAT and PVAT ring. Final mass: aortic rings +PVAT = 51.6 ± 3.6 mg; aortic rings −PVAT = 8.1 ± 0.7 mg; PVAT ring = 38.3 ± 10.7 mg. Points/bars represent means ± SEM for the number of animals in parentheses. *Significant differences (p value reported in figure) as determined by a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc determinations comparing averages as indicated by the tied bar.