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. 2020 Feb 4;11:705. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14517-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a DES applied on the S1 hand area immediately anterior to the postcentral sulcus (PostCS) (cyan dot) interfered with hand-manipulation task (HMt), as showed by EMG activity of FDI and APB, but not with the online motor-monitoring task (MMt), as showed by the digitalized vocal signal, VOICE. b DES applied in PMC, immediately posterior to the precentral sulcus (PreCS), interfered with both HMt and with the online MMt (white dot). DES applied anteriorly to PreCS (black dot) did not interfere with either of the two tasks. c DES applied on PMC, immediately posterior to the PreCS (red dot), interfered with both the HMt and with the delayed MMt. DES applied anteriorly to the PreCS (black dot) did not interfere neither of the two tasks. In the delayed task, the question was asked immediately after DES-offset (red rectangle with question marker). d 3D template reporting all stimulation sites in the 12 patient sample. In all the brain renderings C.S indicates the position of central sulcus. e Statistical analysis comparing the muscle unit recruitment (RMS) during baseline (Bsl, HMt execution without DES) and during DES of S1 and PMC. The results show that generally DES in both PMC and S1 decrease RMS activity in both muscles with respect to the same muscles during baseline (whiskers indicate standard deviation, Kruskal–Wallis test, *p < 0.05).