Fig. 5.

ICOS transmembrane domain-mediated helper functions. a, b Representative contour plots and frequencies of IgMa⁺Fas^hi GC B cells among the total CD19⁺ cells (a) and CXCR5^hiPD-1^hi T_FH cells among the transferred OT-II cells (b). Each symbol in scatter plots represents one mouse, and the lines denote the means. The data presented were pooled from 3 independent experiments (**P < 0.01 and **** P < 0.0001, as determined by Mann–Whitney tests). c Surface CAR staining of Jurkat cells lentivirally transduced to express CD19-reactive BBz CAR, which has the original CD8 transmembrane domain, or ICOSTM-BBz CAR, which has the ICOS transmembrane domain. d Representative FACS profiles (left; the numbers indicate the event percentages in the gates) and summarized frequencies of CAR-expressing Jurkat cells in conjugation with TAMARA-labeled CD19⁺ Farage B cells (right). Each line connecting two dots represents one independent experiment (****P < 0.0001, as determined by paired t-test)