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. 2020 Feb 4;11:563. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14371-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Images of printed cell-containing hydrogel. Left: a UV-illuminated camera image of alternating stripes containing RFP yeast and GFP bacteria (scale bar: 5 mm). Right: confocal microscopy of 100 µm z-stack at the interface of these stripes. Little to no movement of cells out of their designed boundaries is observed at the interface (scale bar: 200 µm). b Schematic metabolic pathway of a commensal consortium E. coli–yeast for betaxanthins production. c Heat maps for betaxanthins consortia performance in the hydrogel and liquid-based culturing across altered cell number/gel ratios and fermentation temperatures. The color sale represents the intensity of betaxanthins fluorescence. d The reusability of 30 °C hydrogels with 6:1 (yeast:E.coli) gel ratio for betaxanthins production is compared pre- and post-lyophilization. e Glucose/xylose utilization via a parallel consortium with repeated use compared to liquid culture performance. Data are mean; n = 3 biological replicates for (c); data are mean ± s.d.; n = 3 biological replicates for (e); n = 2 biological replicates for (d) and gels after round 5 were split (n = 1) for examining the impact of lyophilization and refrigerated storage on betaxanthins production. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.