Table 3.

Reported prevalence of constipation in patients with CKD/ESRD across studies^a

Authors	Year	n	Age, mean (SD)	Male sex, %	Symptom assessment tool	Constipation prevalence, %
HD
Chong and Tan38	2013	123	52 (13)	47	Questionnaire	1.6
Salamon et al.42	2013	172	63 (14)	66	Interview by dietitian	23.8
Bossola et al.36	2011	110	65 (15)	64	Questionnaire	27.3
Ramos et al.43	2015	50	51 (12)	58	Rome III questionnaire	32.8
Cano et al.4	2007	100	21–86 (range)	52	Locally validated Rome II	33.0
Dong et al.39	2014	182	59 (14)	59	Modified GSRS	36.3
Wang et al.44	2001	20	64 (11)	40	Self-reporting diaries	38.0
Hammer et al.35	1998	105	N/A	N/A	Questionnaire	40.0
Daniels et al.45	2015	120	60 (15)	47	GSRS	52.5
Yasuda et al.3	2002	268	56 (2)	62	Questionnaire	63.1
Ikee et al.40	2016	136	67 (12)	68	Laxative use	66.2
Zhang et al.37	2013	478	53 (14)	54	Rome III questionnaire	71.7
PD
Zhang et al.37	2013	127	45 (13)	54	Rome III questionnaire	14.2
Dong and Guo46	2010	112	60 (14)	54	Modified GSRS	17.9
Cano et al.4	2007	48	19–87 (range)	65	Locally validated Rome II	27.0
Salamon et al.42	2013	122	61 (14)	61	Interview by dietitian	28.7
Yasuda et al.3	2002	204	50 (14)	63	Questionnaire	28.9
Mitrovic and Majster47	2015	72	N/A	N/A	GSRS	90.3
NDD-CKD
Lee et al.48	2016	21	64 (14)	48	Rome III questionnaire	4.8
					Bristol Stool Scale	19.0

CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GSRS, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale; HD, hemodialysis; N/A, not available; NDD, non–dialysis-dependent; PD, peritoneal dialysis.

^aModified with permission from Zuvela J, Trimingham C, Le Leu R, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients receiving dialysis: a systematic review. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018;23:718–727.⁴¹