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. 2020 Feb 4;10:1784. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58318-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial distribution of relative Ca concentration of a human bone section using simultaneous ptychography and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at 7.15 keV. (a) shows the Ca distribution as obtained by XRF mapping and (b) the ptychographic phase shift. Both (a,b) allow to identify a Haversian canal (H) and concentric lamellae (L). In (a), the Ca depletion areas (black arrows) indicate perilacunar matrices of two osteocyte lacunae, while the corresponding areas in (b) exhibit no change in phase shift, which is proportional to the projected density. The lower half of the Ca map was bilinearly upscaled (c) and divided by the regularized ptychographic phase (d). (e) presents the mass-thickness-corrected Ca map corresponding to the relative Ca concentration. Sample preparation artefacts were masked in white. (f) shows histograms of relative Ca concentrations values of three bone matrix areas as marked with dashed rectangles in (e). It compares relative Ca concentrations between two regions enclosing the identified perilacunar matrices (1, 3) and a representative region of the bone matrix (2). Face-filled in blue and red histogram values correspond to actual areas of the perilacunar matrices and span over visibly lower range of relative Ca concentrations than the values from the bone matrix (in green).