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. 2020 Feb 4;10:1776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58601-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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For each comorbidity individuals were ranked according to their predicted risk by the gradient boosting (blue) and reference (orange) models. For a number of individuals predicted to have the highest risk, risk ratios were calculated as the comorbidity incidence of individuals ranking above that threshold over the comorbidity incidence in the entire study population. 95% confidence intervals (shaded areas) were obtained through bootstrap sampling.