Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristics | Study I | Study II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (n, %) | Control I (n, %) | P-value | Peptic ulcer (n, %) | Control II (n, %) | P-value | |
| Age (years old) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 20–24 | 2,133 (7.0) | 8,532 (7.0) | 5,815 (4.6) | 5,815 (4.6) | ||
| 25–29 | 2,367 (7.8) | 9,468 (7.8) | 8,440 (6.6) | 8,440 (6.6) | ||
| 30–34 | 2,707 (8.9) | 10,828 (8.9) | 11,333 (8.9) | 11,333 (8.9) | ||
| 35–39 | 3,062 (10.1) | 12,248 (10.1) | 13,649 (10.7) | 13,649 (10.7) | ||
| 40–44 | 3,127 (10.3) | 12,508 (10.3) | 16,126 (12.6) | 16,126 (12.6) | ||
| 45–49 | 3,172 (10.5) | 12,688 (10.5) | 16,479 (12.9) | 16,479 (12.9) | ||
| 50–54 | 2,908 (9.6) | 11,632 (9.6) | 14,551 (11.4) | 14,551 (11.4) | ||
| 55–59 | 2,385 (7.9) | 9,540 (7.9) | 12,236 (9.6) | 12,236 (9.6) | ||
| 60–64 | 2,163 (7.1) | 8,652 (7.1) | 11,348 (8.9) | 11,348 (8.9) | ||
| 65–69 | 2,119 (7.0) | 8,476 (7.0) | 8,767 (6.9) | 8,767 (6.9) | ||
| 70–74 | 1,890 (6.2) | 7,560 (6.2) | 5,176 (4.1) | 5,176 (4.1) | ||
| 75–79 | 1,236 (4.1) | 4,944 (4.1) | 2,508 (2.0) | 2,508 (2.0) | ||
| 80–84 | 679 (2.2) | 2,716 (2.2) | 883 (0.7) | 883 (0.7) | ||
| 85+ | 358 (1.2) | 1,432 (1.2) | 279 (0.2) | 279 (0.2) | ||
| Sex | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Male | 10,436 (34.4) | 41,744 (34.4) | 62,105 (48.7) | 62,105 (48.7) | ||
| Female | 19,870 (65.6) | 79,480 (65.6) | 65,485 (51.3) | 65,485 (51.3) | ||
| Income | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 4,807 (15.9) | 19,228 (15.9) | 18,381 (14.4) | 18,381 (14.4) | ||
| 2 | 4,400 (14.5) | 17,600 (14.5) | 19,511 (15.3) | 19,511 (15.3) | ||
| 3 | 5,138 (17.0) | 20,552 (17.0) | 23,977 (18.8) | 23,977 (18.8) | ||
| 4 | 6,501 (21.5) | 26,004 (21.5) | 30,034 (23.5) | 30,034 (23.5) | ||
| 5 (highest) | 9,460 (31.2) | 37,840 (31.2) | 35,687 (28.0) | 35,687 (28.0) | ||
| Region of residence | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Urban | 14,247 (47.0) | 56,988 (47.0) | 57,870 (45.4) | 57,870 (45.4) | ||
| Rural | 16,059 (53.0) | 64,236 (53.0) | 69,720 (54.6) | 69,720 (54.6) | ||
| CCI (score)† | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
| 0 | 2,780 (22.0) | 105,613 (43.6) | 45,256 (35.5) | 63,137 (49.5) | ||
| 1 | 1,349 (10.7) | 35,039 (14.5) | 18,372 (14.4) | 18,016 (14.1) | ||
| 2 | 1,757 (13.9) | 31,438 (13.0) | 18,753 (14.7) | 14,442 (11.3) | ||
| 3 | 1,676 (13.2) | 23,066 (9.5) | 14,077 (11.0) | 10,665 (8.4) | ||
| 4 | 1,521 (12.0) | 16,808 (6.9) | 10,607 (8.3) | 7,722 (6.1) | ||
| 5 | 1,254 (9.9) | 11,065 (4.6) | 7,294 (5.7) | 5,025 (3.9) | ||
| ≥6 | 2,322 (18.3) | 19,492 (8.0) | 13,231 (10.4) | 8,583 (6.7) | ||
| Peptic ulcer | 2,703 (8.9) | 8,896 (7.3) | <0.001* | 127,590 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001* |
| Depression | 30,306 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001* | 8,144 (6.4) | 4,515 (3.5) | <0.001* |
*Chi-square test. Significance at P < 0.05.
†Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated without peptic ulcer.