Table 2.

Summary of randomized pilot trials in the study of less frequent hemodialysis

Principal investigator(s), study, N = planned participant enrollment (per arm)	Intervention arm	Comparator arm	Key enrollment criteria	Primary Outcome	Country and date of application	Clinical Trial Registry number
Diera et al.105 Incremental Hemodialysis in Incident Patients (IHDIP) N = 75	Once-weekly HD. The number of HD sessions per week is increased to 2 and later to 3 per criteria for progression.	Thrice-weekly HD	•Age ≥18 yr •CKD stage 5 •KrU ≥ 4 ml/min per 1.73 m2	Patient survival	Spain, August 2017	NCT03239808
Fernándex and Teruel106 Incremental Hemodialysis as a Starting Way of Renal Replacement Therapy N = 42	Twice-weekly HD	Thrice-weekly HD	•Kru ≥ to 2.5 ml/min •Urine output: nonanuric	Change in RKF	Spain, October 2017	NCT03302546
Vilar107 Incremental HD N = 25	Twice-weekly HD. The dialysis dose is adjusted according to measurement of RKF.	Thrice-weekly HD	•Age ≥18 yr •HD vintage ≤3 mo •Kru ≥3 ml/min per 1.73m2	Feasibility	United Kingdom, February 2018	NCT03418181
Murea108 The TWOPLUS-HD Pilot Trial N = 101	Twice-weekly HD for 6 wk plus adjuvant pharmacologic therapy (diuretics, potassium binder, sodium bicarbonate) followed by thrice-weekly HD.	Thrice-weekly HD	•Age ≥18 yr •ESKD due to CKD progression •HD vintage ≤7 d •Urine output ≥500 ml/d	Feasibility	North Carolina, USA, November 2018	NCT03740048
White109 Dialysis-Less Frequently In The Elderly (D-LITE) N = 20	Twice-weekly HD	Thrice-weekly HD	•Age ≥70 yr •Incident ESKD and survived on HD ≥7 wk	Feasibility	Canada, December 2018	NCT03787719
Sirich110 Efficacy of Twice Weekly Hemodialysis in Patients With Residual Kidney Function N = 25	Twice-weekly HD for 4 wk, cross-over design	Thrice-weekly HD for 4 wk; cross-over design	•Kru ≥ 2.5 ml/min	Kidney disease−related QoL	California, USA, March 2019	NCT03874117

CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HD, hemodialysis; Kru, residual renal urea clearance measured by timed urine collection; QoL, quality of life; RKF, residual kidney function.