Table 2.
Summary of patient characteristics by disease classification
| Characteristic | Healthy (control) | At CAD risk | CAD | CKD G3 | CKD G4–G5 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 17 | |
| Sex | 0.7240 | |||||
| Male | 9 (60) | 7 (47) | 10 (67) | 7 (47) | 8 (47) | |
| Female | 6 (40) | 8 (53) | 5 (33) | 8 (53) | 9 (53) | |
| Race | <0.0001 | |||||
| White | 10 (76) | 9 (60) | 10 (67) | 1 (7) | 3 (18) | |
| Black | 1 (8) | 6 (40) | 5 (33) | 14 (93) | 14 (82) | |
| Asian | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Indian | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Age, y | 29 (6) | 51 (32) | 64 (13) | 56 (20) | 63 (16) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 (4.7) | 29.0 (15.3) | 33.7 (8.1) | 32.9 (8.6) | 34.2 (9.9) | 0.0056 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.7) | 6.5 (2.2) | 6.4 (2.5) | 5.7 (1.7) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 179 (43) | 184 (58) | 146 (62) | 202 (38) | 154 (34) | 0.0006 |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 104 (39) | 114 (55) | 85 (33) | 108 (59) | 72 (31) | 0.0033 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 63 (19) | 49 (25) | 38 (19) | 62 (32) | 47 (30) | 0.0006 |
| TAG, mg/dl | 86 (36) | 136 (102) | 108 (90) | 112 (73) | 99 (48) | 0.0331 |
| Non–HDL-C, mg/dl | 112 (45) | 131 (56) | 109 (48) | 140 (50) | 95 (40) | 0.0047 |
| Apo B, mg/dl | 81 (27) | 86 (42) | 90 (28) | 100 (25) | 64 (35) | 0.0138 |
| LDL-P, nmol/l | 1240 (494) | 1486 (908) | 1524 (526) | 1654 (819) | 1219 (732) | 0.0183 |
| Small LDL-P, nmol/l | 487 (543) | 795 (831) | 809 (433) | 767 (654) | 672 (705) | 0.0777 |
| Apo A-I, mg/dl | 151 (39) | 138 (30) | 125 (45) | 156 (42) | 140 (49) | 0.0020 |
| HDL-P, μmol/l | 36.6 (4.7) | 36.4 (7.5) | 33 (12.3) | 36.9 (9.8) | 30.8 (10.6) | 0.0216 |
| Apo B:apo A-I Ratio | 0.54 (0.29) | 0.64 (0.36) | 0.74 (0.28) | 0.62 (0.38) | 0.50 (0.36) | 0.0101 |
| Lp(a)-P, nmol/l | 50 (28) | 50 (122) | 82 (202) | 221 (211) | 102 (270) | 0.0192 |
| Total protein, g/dl | 7.3 (0.4) | 7.3 (0.6) | 6.6 (1.0) | 7.3 (0.8) | 7.0 (0.9) | 0.0011 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.7 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.8) | 4.1 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.7) | 0.0001 |
| WBC, ×1000/μl | 5.9 (2.1) | 6.1 (3.2) | 7.2 (3.4) | 7.4 (3.8) | 7.3 (1.9) | 0.1011 |
| hs-CRP, mg/l | 0.6 (0.4) | 1.4 (5.2) | 4.8 (9.7) | 5.0 (8.2) | 2.4 (5.7) | 0.0012 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 150 (14) | 125 (48) | 85 (51) | 38 (16) | 19 (16) | <0.0001 |
| SCr, mg/dl | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.8 (0.3) | 3.4 (2.3) | <0.0001 |
| Cystatin C, mg/l | 0.70 (0.14) | 0.79 (0.21) | 0.99 (0.29) | 1.60 (0.41) | 2.45 (1.36) | <0.0001 |
apo A-I, apolipoprotein A-I; apo B, apolipoprotein B; apo B:apo A-I, apoB-to–apo A-I ratio; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (computed by 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD] equation); HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein–associated cholesterol; HDL-P, high-density lipoprotein particle; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein–associated cholesterol; LDL-P, low-density lipoprotein particle; Lp(a)-P, lipoprotein(a) particle; SCr, serum creatinine; TAG, triacylglycerol (triglyceride); WBC, white blood cell count.
All characteristics are described using median (interquartile range) except for sex and race, which are described using frequency (percentage). For continuous data, Kruskal-Wallis H test (overall significance level α = 0.05) was used, followed by the Dunn test with joint ranking (overall significance level α = 0.05 with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons). For categorical data, Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test was used (overall significance level α = 0.05), followed by pairwise Bonferroni-adjusted 2-sample χ2 tests (pairwise significance level α = 0.0042).