Figure 1.

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane and Electron Transport Chain

Depiction of mitochondrial inner membrane and electron transport chain consisting of complexes I through V (CI to CV). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated at CI and CIII. Excessive ROS production can lead to mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte dysfunction by inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, and by damaging mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA). CK = creatine kinase; CoQ₁₀ = coenzyme Q₁₀; Cyt C = cytochrome c; e⁻ = electrons; Pi = inorganic phosphate.

Reprinted with permission from Sabbah (6) and adapted with permission from Okonko and Shah (5).