Fig. 3. Optimal conditions for each step of DWV-specific URRT-qPCR. URRT-qPCR conditions were evaluated by examining Ct time values versus (A) annealing temperature, (B) annealing time, and (C) polymerization time. The annealing time was determined based on the stability of the detection system. Data are presented as mean ± strandard deviation values of three independent experiments.

DWV, deformed wing virus; URRT-qPCR, ultra-rapid reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.