Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of exposed women and matched comparison group, stratified by therapy comparison. Data are numbers (percentages) and standardised differences
| Aim 1 | Aim 2 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bupropion vs unexposed | Varenicline vs unexposed | NRT vs unexposed | Varenicline 1st trimester vs unexposed | Varenicline vs NRT | |||||||||||
| Bupropion | Unexposed | Diff* | Varenicline | Unexposed | Diff* | NRT | Unexposed† | Diff* | Varenicline | Unexposed | Diff* | Varenicline† | NRT | Diff* | |
| Total number | 232 | 2320 | 1057 | 10,570 | 328 | 3280 | 696 | 6960 | 173 | 173 | |||||
| State of delivery | |||||||||||||||
| New South Wales | 177 (76.3%) | 1819 (78.4%) | 0.05 | 801 (75.8%) | 8109 (76.7%) | 0.02 | 248 (75.6%) | 2484 (75.7%) | 0.00 | 696 (100%) | 6960 (100%) | 131 (75.7%) | 127 (73.4%) | 0.05 | |
| Western Australia | 55 (23.7%) | 501 (21.6%) | 0.05 | 256 (24.2%) | 2461 (23.3%) | 0.02 | 80 (24.4%) | 796 (24.3%) | 0.00 | 42 (24.3%) | 46 (26.6%) | 0.05 | |||
| Year of conception | |||||||||||||||
| 2004 | 39 (16.8%) | 389 (16.8%) | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
| 2005 | 59 (25.4%) | 613 (26.4%) | 0.02 | ||||||||||||
| 2006 | 42 (18.1%) | 391 (16.9%) | 0.03 | ||||||||||||
| 2007 | 45 (19.4%) | 483 (20.8%) | 0.04 | ||||||||||||
| 2008 | 17 (7.3%) | 194 (8.4%) | 0.04 | 179 (16.9%) | 1699 (16.1%) | 0.02 | 116 (16.7%) | 1057 (15.2%) | 0.04 | ||||||
| 2009 | 7 (3.0%) | 75 (3.2%) | 0.01 | 270 (25.5%) | 2666 (25.2%) | 0.01 | 9 (2.7%) | 73 (2.2%)† | 0.03 | 169 (24.3%) | 1740 (25.0%) | 0.02 | |||
| 2010 | 12 (5.2%) | 93 (4.0%) | 0.06 | 315 (29.8%) | 3153 (29.8%) | 0.00 | 47 (14.3%) | 412 (12.6%)† | 0.05 | 220 (31.6%) | 2200 (31.6%) | 0.00 | 21 (12.2%)†, § | 22 (12.7%) § | 0.02 |
| 2011 | 11 (4.7%)# | 82 (3.6%)# | 0.05 | 239 (22.6%) | 2480 (23.5%) | 0.02 | 212 (64.6%) | 2228 (67.9%) | 0.07 | 155 (22.3%) | 1643 (23.6%) | 0.03 | 123 (71.1%) | 116 (67.1%) | 0.09 |
| 2012 | 54 (5.1%) | 572 (5.4%) | 0.01 | 60 (18.3%) | 567 (17.3%) | 0.03 | 36 (5.2%) | 320 (4.6%) | 0.03 | 29 (16.8%) | 35 (20.2%) | 0.09 | |||
| Maternal age (conception) | |||||||||||||||
| Under 25 | 61 (26.3%) | 589 (25.4%) | 0.02 | 332 (31.4%) | 3341 (31.6%) | 0.00 | 94 (28.7%) | 910 (27.7%) | 0.02 | 215 (30.9%) | 2172 (31.2%) | 0.01 | 57 (32.9%) | 47 (27.2%) | 0.13 |
| 25–29 | 76 (32.8%) | 792 (34.1%) | 0.03 | 318 (30.1%) | 3132 (29.6%) | 0.01 | 99 (30.2%) | 1060 (32.3%) | 0.05 | 230 (33.0%) | 2177 (31.3%) | 0.04 | 53 (30.6%) | 54 (31.2%) | 0.01 |
| 30–34 | 61 (26.3%) | 602 (25.9%) | 0.01 | 227 (21.5%) | 2360 (22.3%) | 0.02 | 84 (25.6%) | 819 (25.0%) | 0.01 | 133 (19.1%) | 1418 (20.4%) | 0.03 | 34 (19.7%) | 41 (23.7%) | 0.10 |
| 35 and older | 34 (14.7%) | 337 (14.5%) | 0.00 | 180 (17.0%) | 1737 (16.4%) | 0.02 | 51 (15.5%) | 491 (15.0%) | 0.02 | 118 (17.0%) | 1193 (17.1%) | 0.00 | 29 (16.8%) | 31 (17.9%) | 0.03 |
| Aboriginal | 9 (3.9%) | 110 (4.7%) | 0.04 | 101 (9.6%) | 926 (8.8%) | 0.03 | 93 (28.4%) | 875 (26.7%) | 0.04 | 71 (10.2%) | 648 (9.3%) | 0.03 | 32 (18.5%) | 36 (20.8%) | 0.06 |
| Overseas born | 35 (15.1%) | 367 (15.8%) | 0.02 | 180 (17.0%) | 1815 (17.2%) | 0.00 | 24 (7.3%) | 206 (6.3%) | 0.04 | 104 (14.9%) | 1015 (14.6%) | 0.01 | 26 (15.0%) | 11 (6.4%) | 0.28 |
| Had a partner | 173 (74.6%) | 1764 (76.0%) | 0.03 | 719 (68.0%) | 7218 (68.3%) | 0.01 | 179 (54.6%) | 1792 (54.6%) | 0.00 | 452 (64.9%) | 4584 (65.9%) | 0.02 | 119 (68.8%) | 91 (52.6%) | 0.34 |
| Private health insurance | 34 (14.7%) | 288 (12.4%) | 0.07 | 141 (13.3%) | 1435 (13.6%) | 0.01 | 23 (7.0%) | 207 (6.3%) | 0.03 | 87 (12.5%) | 836 (12.0%) | 0.01 | 20 (11.6%) | 10 (5.8%) | 0.21 |
| Socio-economic disadvantage‡ | |||||||||||||||
| Quintile 1 (most disadvantaged) | 48 (20.7%) | 519 (22.4%) | 0.04 | 172 (16.3%) | 1722 (16.3%) | 0.00 | 53 (16.2%) | 479 (14.6%) | 0.04 | 123 (17.7%) | 1264 (18.2%) | 0.01 | 33 (19.1%) | 26 (15.0%) | 0.11 |
| Quintile 2 | 39 (16.8%) | 411 (17.7%) | 0.02 | 164 (15.5%) | 1629 (15.4%) | 0.00 | 62 (18.9%) | 644 (19.6%) | 0.02 | 112 (16.1%) | 1073 (15.4%) | 0.02 | 23 (13.3%) | 41 (23.7%) | 0.27 |
| Quintile 3 | 46 (19.8%) | 445 (19.2%) | 0.02 | 263 (24.9%) | 2546 (24.1%) | 0.02 | 84 (25.6%) | 875 (26.7%) | 0.02 | 201 (28.9%) | 1948 (28.0%) | 0.02 | 40 (23.1%) | 37 (21.4%) | 0.04 |
| Quintile 4 | 54 (23.3%) | 524 (22.6%) | 0.02 | 289 (27.3%) | 3024 (28.6%) | 0.03 | 91 (27.7%) | 873 (26.6%) | 0.03 | 173 (24.9%) | 1763 (25.3%) | 0.01 | 44 (25.4%) | 46 (26.6%) | 0.03 |
| Quintile 5 (least disadvantaged) | 45 (19.4%) | 421 (18.1%) | 0.03 | 169 (16.0%) | 1649 (15.6%) | 0.01 | 38 (11.6%) | 409 (12.5%) | 0.03 | 87 (12.5%) | 912 (13.1%) | 0.02 | 33 (19.1%) | 23 (13.3%) | 0.16 |
| Remoteness of residence | |||||||||||||||
| Major cities | 135 (58.2%) | 1374 (59.2%) | 0.02 | 592 (56.0%) | 5927 (56.1%) | 0.00 | 170 (51.8%) | 1677 (51.1%) | 0.01 | 440 (63.2%) | 4451 (64.0%) | 0.02 | 96 (55.5%) | 93 (53.8%) | 0.03 |
| Inner regional | 63 (27.2%) | 598 (25.8%) | 0.03 | 339 (32.1%) | 3474 (32.9%) | 0.02 | 118 (36.0%) | 1257 (38.3%) | 0.05 | 200 (28.7%) | 1999 (28.7%) | 0.00 | 57 (32.9%) | 62 (35.8%) | 0.06 |
| Outer regional, remote, very remote | 34 (14.7%) | 348 (15.0%) | 0.01 | 126 (11.9%) | 1169 (11.1%) | 0.03 | 40 (12.2%) | 346 (10.5%) | 0.05 | 56 (8.0%) | 510 (7.3%) | 0.03 | 20 (11.6%) | 18 (10.4%) | 0.04 |
| Parity | |||||||||||||||
| Nulliparous | 65 (28.0%) | 699 (30.1%) | 0.05 | 299 (28.3%) | 3022 (28.6%) | 0.01 | 73 (22.3%) | 751 (22.9%) | 0.02 | 221 (31.8%) | 2197 (31.6%) | 0.00 | 46 (26.6%) | 41 (23.7%) | 0.07 |
| Multiparous (1 to 4) | 152 (65.5%) | 1466 (63.2%) | 0.05 | 709 (67.1%) | 7122 (67.4%) | 0.01 | 237 (72.3%) | 2367 (72.2%) | 0.00 | 455 (65.4%) | 4587 (65.9%) | 0.01 | 116 (67.1%) | 122 (70.5%) | 0.07 |
| Grand multiparous (≥ 5) | 15 (6.5%) | 155 (6.7%) | 0.01 | 49 (4.6%) | 426 (4.0%) | 0.03 | 18 (5.5%) | 162 (4.9%) | 0.02 | 20 (2.9%) | 176 (2.5%) | 0.02 | 11 (6.4%) | 10 (5.8%) | 0.02 |
| Previous caesarean section | 33 (14.2%) | 290 (12.5%) | 0.05 | 175 (16.6%) | 1663 (15.7%) | 0.02 | 69 (21.0%) | 626 (19.1%) | 0.05 | 109 (15.7%) | 1048 (15.1%) | 0.02 | 28 (16.2%) | 37 (21.4%) | 0.13 |
| Hospitalisation in 12 months prior | |||||||||||||||
| Nil | 187 (80.6%) | 1901 (81.9%) | 0.03 | 856 (81.0%) | 8655 (81.9%) | 0.02 | 254 (77.4%) | 2608 (79.5%) | 0.05 | 560 (80.5%) | 5754 (82.7%) | 0.06 | 142 (82.1%) | 132 (76.3%) | 0.14 |
| Once | 35 (15.1%) | 327 (14.1%) | 0.03 | 151 (14.3%) | 1418 (13.4%) | 0.03 | 54 (16.5%) | 502 (15.3%) | 0.03 | 101 (14.5%) | 870 (12.5%) | 0.06 | 23 (13.3%) | 27 (15.6%) | 0.07 |
| Two or more | 10 (4.3%) | 92 (4.0%) | 0.02 | 50 (4.7%) | 497 (4.7%) | 0.00 | 20 (6.1%) | 170 (5.2%) | 0.04 | 35 (5.0%) | 336 (4.8%) | 0.01 | 8 (4.6%) | 14 (8.1%) | 0.14 |
| Morbidities | |||||||||||||||
| Mental health | 57 (24.6%) | 534 (23.0%) | 0.04 | 229 (21.7%) | 2162 (20.5%) | 0.03 | 131 (39.9%) | 1224 (37.3%) | 0.05 | 156 (22.4%) | 1502 (21.6%) | 0.02 | 39 (22.5%) | 75 (43.4%) | 0.45 |
| Chronic airway | 45 (19.4%) | 416 (17.9%) | 0.04 | 168 (15.9%) | 1419 (13.4%) | 0.07 | 57 (17.4%) | 516 (15.7%) | 0.04 | 119 (17.1%) | 1069 (15.4%) | 0.05 | 22 (12.7%) | 28 (16.2%) | 0.10 |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 16 (6.9%) | 149 (6.4%) | 0.02 | 66 (6.2%) | 585 (5.5%) | 0.03 | 13 (4.0%) | 137 (4.2%) | 0.01 | 56 (8.0%) | 486 (7.0%) | 0.04 | 11 (6.4%) | 8 (4.6%) | 0.08 |
| Use of NSAIDS | 23 (9.9%) | 206 (8.9%) | 0.04 | 61 (5.8%) | 510 (4.8%) | 0.04 | 23 (7.0%) | 197 (6.0%) | 0.04 | 54 (7.8%) | 481 (6.9%) | 0.03 | 7 (4.0%) | 9 (5.2%) | 0.06 |
| Use of steroids | 11 (4.7%) | 92 (4.0%) | 0.04 | 30 (2.8%) | 243 (2.3%) | 0.03 | 14 (4.3%) | 104 (3.2%) | 0.06 | 25 (3.6%) | 239 (3.4%) | 0.01 | < 5 | 5 (2.9%) | 0.04 |
| Anaemia and coagulation | 10 (4.3%) | 108 (4.7%) | 0.02 | 26 (2.5%) | 223 (2.1%) | 0.02 | 13 (4.0%) | 124 (3.8%) | 0.01 | 16 (2.3%) | 141 (2.0%) | 0.02 | 5 (2.9%) | 9 (5.2%) | 0.12 |
| Drug and alcohol disorder | 7 (3.0%) | 59 (2.5%) | 0.03 | 25 (2.4%) | 230 (2.2%) | 0.01 | 30 (9.1%) | 251 (7.7%) | 0.05 | 19 (2.7%) | 169 (2.4%) | 0.02 | 5 (2.9%) | 21 (12.1%) | 0.36 |
| Thyroid | < 5 | 21 (0.9%) | 0.04 | 8 (0.8%) | 79 (0.7%) | 0.00 | 5 (1.5%) | 52 (1.6%) | 0.00 | 8 (1.1%) | 62 (0.9%) | 0.03 | < 5 | < 5 | |
| Cardiovascular | < 5 | 5 (0.2%) | 0.04 | 12 (1.1%) | 113 (1.1%) | 0.01 | 6 (1.8%) | 70 (2.1%) | 0.02 | 10 (1.4%) | 87 (1.3%) | 0.02 | < 5 | 5 (2.9%) | 0.18 |
| Pre-existing diabetes | < 5 | 12 (0.5%) | 0.01 | 13 (1.2%) | 114 (1.1%) | 0.01 | 5 (1.5%) | 45 (1.4%) | 0.01 | < 5 | 55 (0.8%) | 0.03 | < 5 | 5 (2.9%) | 0.04 |
| Pre-existing hypertension | < 5 | 12 (0.5%) | 0.04 | 11 (1.0%) | 96 (0.9%) | 0.01 | 6 (1.8%) | 45 (1.4%) | 0.04 | 6 (0.9%) | 57 (0.8%) | 0.00 | < 5 | < 5 | 0.15 |
| Epilepsy | < 5 | 9 (0.4%) | 0.01 | 8 (0.8%) | 64 (0.6%) | 0.02 | 8 (2.4%) | 65 (2.0%) | 0.03 | 5 (0.7%) | 60 (0.9%) | 0.02 | < 5 | 5 (2.9%) | 0.18 |
| Chronic renal disease | < 5 | 27 (1.2%) | 0.03 | 5 (0.5%) | 42 (0.4%) | 0.01 | < 5 | 43 (1.3%) | 0.01 | < 5 | 30 (0.4%) | 0.02 | < 5 | < 5 | 0.06 |
*Absolute standardised difference
#Data for 2011 and 2012 were combined due to frequency of women exposed to bupropion in 2012 was < 5
†For 2009 and 2010, only Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women were included
§Data for 2009 and 2010 were combined due to frequency of women exposed to NRT in 2009 was < 5
‡Quintile scores of the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage, based on residential area of women
< 5 In accordance with ethical approvals, frequencies less than 5 were not reported