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. 2020 Feb 4;8:12. doi: 10.1186/s40359-019-0364-2

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© The Author(s). 2020

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Proposed model of associations between urbanicity, HPA axis functioning and behavioral and emotional problems. Note. HPA = hypothalamic-pituiatry-adrenal; AUCi = area under the curve with respect to increase; RQ = research question; AUCg = area under the curve with respect to ground; CAR = cortisol awakening response