Table 3.

Statistics of direct and indirect effects via HPA reactivity (RQ1) and basal HPA (RQ2) of urbanicity on behavioral and emotional problems in the JOiN and BIBO samples (paths C and C′ in Fig. 1)

	Behavioral problems		Emotional problems
	Effect (SE)	95% CI	Effect (SE)	95% CI
RQ1: HPA reactivity
JOiN (n = 256)
Direct
Current urbanicity	0.03 (0.04)	−0.04/0.11	0.03 (0.03)	−0.03/0.08
Indirect via
HPA reactivity
AUCi	0.00 (0.00)	−0.01/0.01	0.00 (0.00)	−0.00/0.01
BIBO (n = 135)
Direct
Early childhood urbanicity	0.04 (0.10)	−0.15/0.23	0.09 (0.05)	−0.02/0.20
Indirect via
HPA reactivity
AUCi	−0.00 (0.01)	−0.02/0.02	0.00 (0.01)	−0.01/0.01
Meta-analysis (n = 2)
Direct
Urbanicity	0.03 (0.17)	−0.30/0.36	0.05 (0.14)	−0.22/0.32
Indirect via
HPA reactivity
AUCi	−0.00 (0.05)	−0.09/0.09	0.00 (0.04)	−0.07/0.08
RQ2: Basal HPA
JOiN (n = 282)
Direct
Current urbanicity	0.05 (0.04)	−0.02/0.13	0.03 (0.02)	−0.01/0.08
Indirect via
Basal HPA
AUCg	0.00 (0.00)	−0.01/0.01	−0.00 (0.00)	− 0.01/0.00
CAR	0.00 (0.00)	−0.01/0.01	−0.00 (0.00)	− 0.01/0.00
Decline	−0.00 (0.00)	− 0.01/0.00	0.00 (0.00)	− 0.00/0.00
BIBO (n = 115)
Direct
Early childhood urbanicity	0.11 (0.10)	−0.08/0.31	0.12 (0.05)	0.01/0.23
Indirect via
Basal HPA
AUCg	0.01 (0.01)	−0.02/0.03	−0.00 (0.01)	− 0.03/0.01
Decline	−0.00 (0.01)	− 0.04/0.02	−0.00 (0.01)	− 0.02/0.01
Meta-analysis (n = 2)
Indirect via
Basal HPA
AUCg	0.00 (0.05)	−0.10/0.10	−0.00 (0.04)	− 0.08/0.08
Decline	−0.00 (0.04)	− 0.09/0.08	−0.00 (0.04)	− 0.07/0.07

Note. Statistics of 0.00 are larger than zero, although rounded to two decimal places to avoid long numbers. HPA Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, RQ Research question, AUCi Area under the curve with respect to increase, AUCg Area under the curve with respect to ground, CAR Cortisol awakening response