Table 2.
Summary for the features of non-carbon nanomaterials to construct electrochemical biosensors
| Materials | Advantage | Limitations | Feature | Limit of detection | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metallic nanoparticles |
Efficient electron transfer Increase in S/V Supplying superior conductivity Good biocompatibility Easy functionalization |
Electrical instability in high salt concentration Inconsistent upon signal amplification |
Electrode (AuNPs) |
CEA 0.01 pM |
[65] |
|
Electrode (AgNPs) |
PSA 0.1 pM |
[73] | |||
|
Label (Fe3O4/Ag/Au) |
IgG 0.33 fM |
[74] | |||
|
Label (PtNPs) |
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) 0.001 pM |
[66] | |||
|
Label (Pt/Cu NPs) |
PSA 0.55 fM |
[75] | |||
| Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) |
High pore volume and surface area Good electron transfer and high loading capability Well-defined surface properties Tunability of size and shape |
Difficult in preparation of well-ordered Scattered size distribution Formulation of stable-colloidal suspensions |
Label (MSN/Au) |
PSA 0.01 pM |
[76] |
|
Label (MSN/Au/Ru) |
p53 22.8 fM |
[77] | |||
|
Label (MSN/Ag) |
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) 0.078 nM |
[78] | |||
| Nanowire |
High S/V Rapid response High electro-catalytic capability and reproducibility Improvement of the charge transfer and stability |
Decrease in electrostatic potential with distance |
Electrode (Ag) |
IgG 0.03 pM |
[67] |
|
Label (Pt) |
hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) 0.14 fM |
[79] | |||
|
Electrode (Cu2O) |
AFP 0.0015 fM |
[80] | |||
|
Electrode (Si) |
cardiac troponin I (cTnI) 0.14 pM |
[81] | |||
| ITO |
Low cost / High transmittance Good electrical conductivity Ease of surface modification |
Slow kinetics of electron- transfer upon coating surface with antibodies |
Electrode (ITO/PET) |
Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 0.83 fM |
[82] |
|
Electrode (ITO) |
Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) 0.24 fM |
[83] | |||
| Electrode (ITO/Au) |
Guanine 250 nM |
[84] | |||
| Electrode (ITO) |
microRNA 2.0 fM |
[85] | |||
| Organic polymer |
High-throughput Low-cost Good flexibility, functionality, solubility, and specificity |
Need to reproducibility of thin-film morphology Chance to physical delamination High operating voltages Uncertainties in material stability |
Electrode (5, 2′:5′,2″-terthiophene-3′-carboxylic acid) |
Glutamate 0.1 μM |
[86] |
|
Electrode (polypyrrole) |
Serotonin 0.03 μM |
[87] | |||
|
Electrode (poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) |
Dopamine 0.22 μM |
[88] |