Table 1.
Characteristics of the Sample and Unadjusted Associations with Adverse Childhood Experiences (n = 1335)
| Total sample | No. of ACEs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 or more | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Parent age, M (SD) | 23.1 (5.8) | 24.7 (5.8) | 23.5 (5.9) | 22.4 (5.6) | 22.0 (5.9) | 22.0 (5.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Caucasian | 38.9 | 38.6 | 40.8 | 38.5 | 35.0 | 40.3 |
| African American | 34.0 | 16.1 | 28.2 | 41.5 | 49.1 | 47.3 |
| Hispanic | 22.7 | 37.3 | 27.3 | 16.4 | 13.2 | 8.1 |
| Other | 4.4 | 8.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 4.3 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 45.7 | 37.7 | 42.5 | 48.2 | 51.9 | 57.4 |
| High school graduate/GED | 28.9 | 23.7 | 31.7 | 29.1 | 30.8 | 27.3 |
| College | 25.4 | 38.6 | 25.8 | 22.7 | 17.3 | 15.3 |
| Covariatesa | ||||||
| Male child | 50.9 | 51.6 | 47.0 | 53.6 | 51.6 | 53.7 |
| Household income, M (SD) | $36,563 ($31,255) | $48,4560 ($24,229) | $39,709 ($32,880) | $31,870 ($27,710) | $29,478 ($28,276) | $24,473 ($21,821) |
| Smoking in the home | 19.1 | 6.5 | 14.0 | 20.6 | 31.3 | 42.4 |
| Child outcomes in fifth grade | ||||||
| BMI >95th percentile | 29.1 | 26.6 | 29.2 | 26.9 | 25.1 | 46.3 |
| Regular prescriptions | 18.3 | 12.2 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 22.2 | 30.5 |
| Respiratory problems | 35.7 | 24.7 | 33.5 | 38.7 | 39.2 | 53.9 |
| Health rating risk | 17.6 | 13.3 | 16.9 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 22.9 |
Percentages shown unless otherwise noted. aCovariates also include program and site, not shown.
ACEs, Adverse Childhood Experiences; GED, General Education Diploma.