Appendix 5.

The effect of resources on collaboration (theme 5)

Subtheme	Examples
Time	Healthcare staff report not enough time for collaboration. Sometimes related to autonomy in staff (time spent meeting and documenting targets meant less time to spend with patients). ‘We don't spend more than 5 min. It's always less than 5 min…We do not give them the room or the time and opportunity for them to describe their topic. So usually we don't spend a lot of time. I think this is 2 main questions that we ask, “do you sleep well?” or “do you have a good appetite?” then that's it, finish. It's more like fire fighting.’ (District hospital doctor 1)
Competencies	Mental health competencies – perceived lack of knowledge in one party reduced collaborative behaviour (for example patients not getting involved with decisions about their care, because they believed the doctor knows more). Specialised competencies – the competencies of a particular profession (for example staff reported that collaborative practice was difficult because of a lack of psychologists). Situation specific competencies – knowledge about a particular patient or a particular community. Lack of relatedness reduced this type of competency. Collaborative competencies – for example staff described lack of skills in collaborative behaviours in others.
Physical resources and opportunities	Resources and opportunities needed to meet goals. Inadequate resources leads to loss of motivation, which reduces collaboration. For example lack of work opportunities for patients causes loss of motivation in staff and patients and reduces collaboration to reach the goal of returning to work.
Collaborative spaces	Current collaborative spaces: meetings, ward rounds. Suggested ways to improve collaboration: computer system, patient handheld records, organisation into teams. Current collaborative spaces only experienced as collaborative by higher-level staff. Lower-level staff and patients did not attend or did not experience as collaborative.