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. 2019 Jul 10;1(4):297–311. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.06.003

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Schematic representation of therapeutic strategies for immune ‘cold’ CCA.

The targets of immunotherapies currently under investigation in CCA that may be beneficial in immune ‘cold’ CCA are represented schematically. CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-2, interleukin-2; IL-12, interleukin-12; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NK, natural killer; PEG-INFγ, PEG-interferon γ; TAM, tumour-associated macrophage; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VEGFR, vascular endothelial factor receptor.