Table 2.
Demographic characteristics, migration history and HBV/HCV risk factors.
| Dutch (n = 500) | Surinamese (n = 998) |
Ghanaian (n = 500) | Turkish (n = 497) | Moroccan (n = 498) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South–Asian Surinamese (n = 463) | African-Surinamese (n = 475) | Other/Unknown a (n = 60) | ||||||
| Age (yr) | ||||||||
| Median [IQR] | 46 [35–57] | 51 [44–58] | 53 [45–58] | 52 [45–57] | 48 [41–54] | 46 [39–51] | 47 [39–53] | < 0.001b |
| Missing n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Sex & male sexual behavior status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Women | 261 (52.2) | 262 (56.6) | 295 (62.1) | 36 (60.0) | 288 (57.6) | 247 (49.7) | 288 (57.8) | 0.003c, d |
| Men | 239 (47.8) | 201 (43.4) | 180 (37.9) | 24 (40.0) | 212 (42.4) | 250 (50.3) | 210 (42.2) | |
| MSW | 200 (40.0) | 161 (34.8) | 155 (32.6) | 16 (26.7) | 177 (35.4) | 180 (36.2) | 151 (30.3) | |
| MSM | 27 (5.4) | 9 (1.9) | 7 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.0) | 7 (1.4) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Men who never had sex | 7 (1.4) | 12 (2.6) | 6 (1.3) | 5 (8.3) | 8 (1.6) | 19 (3.8) | 28 (5.6) | |
| Missing data on sexual partners' gender | 5 (1.0) | 19 (4.1) | 12 (2.5) | 3 (5.0) | 22 (4.4) | 44 (8.9) | 26 (5.2) | |
| Highest level of education, n (%) | ||||||||
| Less than higher vocational schooling or university | 177 (35.4) | 370 (79.9) | 381 (80.2) | 44 (73.3) | 459 (91.8) | 441 (88.7) | 440 (88.4) | < 0.001c |
| Higher vocational schooling or university | 321 (64.2) | 90 (19.4) | 90 (18.9) | 13 (21.7) | 29 (5.8) | 54 (10.9) | 53 (10.6) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.8) | 3 (5.0) | 12 (2.4) | 2 (0.4) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Age at migration | ||||||||
| Median [IQR] | 18 [11–23] | 20 [12–27] | 23 [16–29] | 28 [23–33] | 17 [11–22] | 18 [10–24] | < 0.001b, e | |
| Missing, n (%) | – | 8 (1.7) | 11 (2.3) | 8 (13.3) | 11 (2.2) | 12 (2.4) | 25 (5.0) | |
| Reason for migration | ||||||||
| Work/study | – | 69 (14.9) | 99 (20.8) | 11 (18.3) | 153 (30.6) | 81 (16.3) | 79 (15.9) | < 0.001c, e |
| Family reunification/migrated with parents | – | 263 (56.8) | 243 (51.2) | 24 (40.0) | 227 (45.4) | 374 (75.3) | 374 (75.1) | |
| Political asylum seeker/social security/better future | – | 73 (15.8) | 60 (12.8) | 10 (16.7) | 45 (9.2) | 4 (0.8) | 7 (1.4) | |
| Other/more than one reason | – | 56 (12.1) | 65 (13.7) | 7 (11.7) | 62 (12.4) | 28 (5.6) | 27 (5.4) | |
| Missing | – | 2 (0.4) | 8 (1.7) | 8 (13.3) | 13 (2.6) | 10 (2.0) | 11 (2.2) | |
| Surgery in non–Western country, n (%) | ||||||||
| No | 494 (98.8) | 421 (90.9) | 409 (86.1) | 50 (83.3) | 429 (85.8) | 404 (81.3) | 465 (93.4) | < 0.001c |
| Yes | 5 (1.0) | 41 (8.9) | 61 (12.8) | 8 (13.3) | 55 (11.0) | 81 (16.3) | 29 (5.8) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 5 (1.1) | 2 (3.3) | 16 (3.2) | 12 (2.4) | 4 (0.8) | |
| Blood transfusion, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 448 (89.6) | 388 (83.8) | 397 (83.6) | 49 (81.7) | 432 (86.4) | 438 (88.1) | 432 (86.7) | 0.003c, f |
| > 1990 in Western country | 9 (1.9) | 17 (3.7) | 19 (4.0) | 4 (6.7) | 15 (3.0) | 19 (3.8) | 24 (4.8) | |
| In non–Western country | 17 (3.4) | 29 (6.3) | 33 (6.9) | 2 (3.3) | 22 (4.4) | 13 (2.6) | 15 (3.0) | |
| Missing | 26 (5.2) | 29 (6.3) | 26 (5.5) | 5 (8.3) | 31 (6.2) | 27 (5.7) | 27 (5.4) | |
| Ever–injecting drug use, n (%) | ||||||||
| No | 494 (98.8) | 455 (98.3) | 470 (98.9) | 58 (96.7) | 482 (96.4) | 481 (96.8) | 481 (96.6) | 0.466g |
| Yes | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 2 (0.4) | |
| Missing | 5 (1.0) | 7 (1.5) | 5 (1.1) | 2 (3.3) | 17 (3.4) | 12 (2.4) | 15 (3.0) | |
| Lifetime sexual partners, n (%) | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 65 (13.0) | 196 (42.3) | 57 (12.0) | 13 (21.7 | 72 (14.4) | 310 (62.4) | 345 (69.3) | < 0.001c |
| 2 | 34 (6.8) | 72 (15.6) | 38 (8.0) | 11 (18.3) | 76 (15.2) | 30 (6.0) | 33 (6.6) | |
| 3–6 | 147 (29.4) | 81 (17.5) | 177 (37.3) | 18 (30.0) | 177 (35.4) | 34 (6.8) | 49 (9.8) | |
| > 7 | 247 (49.4) | 83 (17.9) | 164 (34.5) | 13 (21.7) | 108 (21.6) | 63 (12.7) | 39 (7.8) | |
| Missing | 7 (1.4) | 31 (6.7) | 39 (8.2) | 5 (8.3) | 67 (13.4) | 60 (12.1) | 32 (6.4) | |
Among 2,993 Dutch and first-generation migrant participants of the HELIUS study, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2011-2014. HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IQR, interquartile range; MSM, men who have sex with men; MSW, men who have sex with women only.
a
Including 29 Javanese, 13 of mixed ethnicity, 4 other, 14 unknown;
b
Kruskal-Wallis test;
c
Pearson’s χ2 test;
d
p value for the difference in gender;
e
Dutch participants were excluded for the calculation of the p-value and the median and IQR for the total group (if applicable);
f
Surinamese other/unknown were excluded for the calculation of the p value due to the low numbers of participants in this group.
g
Fisher's exact test