Figure 1.

Transcranial Pulse Stimulation technique TPS. A) Goggles (affixed to the head) and TPS handpiece are equipped with infrared reflectors for visualization and tracking of the TPS focus to regions of interest in individual anatomical MR images. For TPS treatment plenty of bubble‐free ultrasound gel has to be applied on skin and hair at the treatment area to avoid acoustic impedance borders. B) TPS applies ultrashort ultrasound pulses lasting about 3 µs (left) which reduce the risk for brain heating or secondary maxima. Previous brain sonication techniques typically use ultrasound trains in the range of several hundred ms (right). C) Reliable focal targeting of TPS either to a single stimulation focus (left) or for targeting region of interest borders (blue circles, right). Each pulse leaves a colored mark inside the ROI with colors indicating local pulse counts (yellow to pink = low to high numbers). Consent for publishing this figure exists.