. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 5.

Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2017 Feb 24;152(8):1922–1932.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.012

Table 2.

Unadjusted prevalence and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for celiac disease and gluten-avoidance without celiac disease among NHANES participants 6+ years (N=22,277), United States, 2009-2014

	Celiac disease				Gluten-avoidance without celiac disease
	N	Unadjusted prevalence (%)	Multivariate-adjusted^*		N	Unadjusted prevalence (%)	Multivariate-adjusted
	N	Unadjusted prevalence (%)	OR^†	95% CI	N	Unadjusted prevalence (%)	OR	95% CI
Total population	109	0.72	--	--	213	1.11	--	--
Latitude (°N)
<35	16	0.15	1.0		60	0.81	1.0
35-<40	26	0.58¹	3.18	1.43-7.07	55	0.67	0.74	0.43-1.28
≥40	67	1.18^1,2	5.45	2.63-11.30	98	1.63^1,2	1.85	1.11-3.08
Age (years)
6-19	30	0.74	0.85	0.52-1.37	29	0.60	0.47	0.27-0.82
20-39	26	0.70	1.0		63	1.27¹	1.0
40-59	28	0.70	0.93	0.50-1.73	67	1.34¹	1.02	0.59-1.75
≥60	25	0.75	0.99	0.50-1.94	54	1.01	0.78	0.39-1.56
Sex
Male	40	0.55	1.0		95	0.83	1.0
Female	69	0.88	1.51	0.93-2.45	118	1.38¹	1.72	1.18-2.51
Race-ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	75	0.97	1.0		84	1.18	1.0
Non-Hispanic black	6	0.12¹	0.19	0.07-0.52	53	1.13	1.35	0.85-2.14
Hispanic	19	0.31¹	0.66	0.31-1.41	43	0.80	1.08	0.71-1.64
Other	9	0.28¹	0.32	0.12-0.87	33	1.17	1.13	0.61-2.11
Education (years)^‡
<12	15	0.32	0.54	0.24-1.19	35	0.74	0.74	0.38-1.45
12	17	0.37	0.51	0.27-0.99	35	0.73	0.60	0.33-1.10
>12	77	0.95^1,2	1.0		142	1.35^1,2	1.0
Income^§
PIR 0-<1.7	40	0.57	0.94	0.50-1.76	75	0.78	0.58	0.32-1.03
PIR 1.7-<4.0	28	0.62	0.78	0.46-1.33	59	1.11	0.81	0.46-1.40
PIR ≥4.0	35	1.01	1.0		64	1.52¹	1.0
BMI^∥
Normal weight	60	1.08	1.0		89	1.32	1.0
Overweight	23	0.60¹	0.52	0.30-0.91	51	0.94	0.67	0.40-1.15
Obese	24	0.42¹	0.43	0.22-0.85	68	1.02	0.77	0.51-1.17

NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index.

p<0.05 compared with first-listed group.

p<0.05 compared with second-listed group.

Adjusted for all other factors listed (N=20,178).

^†

Estimated using logistic regression analysis.

^‡

For persons 6-19 years, education level was the higher of the household reference person or that person’s spouse.

^§

PIR is family income to poverty threshold ratio. Cut-points were tertiles.

^∥

For persons 6-19 years, BMI was defined in age- and sex-specific percentiles as normal weight, <85^th, overweight, 85^th-<95^th, and obese, ≥95^th; for persons 20+ years, BMI was defined in kg/m² as normal weight, <25, overweight, 25-<30, and obese, ≥30.