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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 5.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2017 Feb 24;152(8):1922–1932.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.012

Table 3.

Unadjusted mean and multivariate-adjusted regression coefficients and means for tTG IgA titers (U/mL) among NHANES participants 6+ years (N=22,273), United States, 2009-2014

Unadjusted
 Multivariate-adjusted*
Mean SD Beta† SE p-value Mean SE
Total population 1.11 6.1 --- --- ---
Latitude (°N)
 <35 0.83 2.3 ref 0.89 0.043
 35-<40 1.191 6.8 0.33 0.15 0.028 1.23 0.14
 ≥40 1.211 7.0 0.31 0.095 0.002 1.20 0.094
Age (years)
 6-19 1.13 6.4 −0.099 0.16 0.54 1.18 0.15
 20-39 1.23 7.9 ref 1.28 0.12
 40-59 1.11 5.2 −0.15 0.18 0.39 1.12 0.11
 ≥60 0.912 3.4 −0.40 0.14 0.006 0.87 0.062
Sex
 Male 1.11 5.9 ref 1.12 0.074
 Female 1.11 6.2 0.015 0.14 0.91 1.14 0.10
Race-ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic white 1.21 7.0 ref 1.22 0.089
 Non-Hispanic black 0.871 2.8 −0.31 0.12 0.014 0.91 0.067
 Hispanic 0.911 3.4 −0.23 0.12 0.060 0.99 0.074
 Other 0.931 5.7 −0.32 0.16 0.050 0.91 0.12
Education (years)‡
 <12 0.95 3.7 −0.16 0.12 0.19 1.05 0.087
 12 0.93 3.9 −0.26 0.14 0.065 0.95 0.080
 >12 1.211 7.1 ref 1.21 0.093
Income§
 PIR 0-<1.7 1.08 6.1 0.092 0.21 0.66 1.18 0.12
 PIR 1.7-<4.0 1.11 5.9 0.030 0.18 0.87 1.12 0.12
 PIR ≥4.0 1.18 6.8 ref 1.09 0.13
BMI∥
 Normal weight 1.13 6.3 ref 1.12 0.095
 Overweight 1.23 7.4 0.14 0.15 0.33 1.26 0.12
 Obese 0.98 4.3 −0.092 0.13 0.48 1.02 0.090
Gluten-free diet
 No 1.10 6.1 ref 1.17 0.32
 Yes 1.19 4.5 −0.045 0.32 0.89 1.13 0.059

tTG IgA, tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index.

1

p<0.05 compared with first-listed group.

2

p<0.05 compared with second-listed group.

*

Adjusted for all other factors listed (N=20,175).

†

Estimated using linear regression analysis.

‡

For persons 6-19 years, education level was the higher of the household reference person or that person’s spouse.

§

PIR is family income to poverty threshold ratio. Cut-points were tertiles.

∥

For persons 6-19 years, BMI was defined in age- and sex-specific percentiles as normal weight, <85th, overweight, 85th-<95th, and obese, ≥95th; for persons 20+ years, BMI was defined in kg/m2 as normal weight, <25, overweight, 25-<30, and obese, ≥30.