TABLE 2.

Outcomes associated with Medicaid beneficiaries ages 18–64 retained on buprenorphine for ≥180 days

	In-patient Hospitalization		Emergency Department Visit		Overdose		Opioid Prescription

Measure	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Odds Ratio	95% CI

Treatment episode duration
6–9 months (N=4,126)	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
9–12 months (N=2,440)	0.86	0.74, 1.01	0.94	0.85, 1.04	1.04	0.82, 1.30	0.95	0.85, 1.07
12–15 months (N=1,499)	0.86	0.72, 1.03	0.84^**	0.75, 0.95	1.10	0.84, 1.43	0.84^*	0.73, 0.97
15–18 months (N=931)	0.79^*	0.64, 0.99	0.75^***	0.65, 0.86	1.04	0.75, 1.44	0.67^***	0.56, 0.80
Sex
Male	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Female	1.10	0.96, 1.26	1.16^***	1.06, 1.27	0.65^***	0.54, 0.79	1.39^***	1.25, 1.54
Age group (years)
18–24	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
25–34	0.94	0.76, 1.16	0.98	0.85, 1.12	0.83	0.61, 1.15	1.20^*	1.01, 1.43
35–44	0.94	0.74, 1.18	1.03	0.88, 1.20	0.95	0.68, 1.33	1.52^***	1.26, 1.83
45–54	1.39^*	1.07, 1.82	1.04	0.86, 1.25	0.76	0.50, 1.16	2.14^***	1.72, 2.67
55–64	1.79^***	1.27, 2.57	1.37^*	1.05, 1.78	0.95	0.55, 1.64	2.76^***	2.07, 3.69
Race/ethnicity
White	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Nonwhite	1.22	0.99, 1.50	1.33^***	1.14, 1.54	1.06	0.76, 1.48	1.09	0.92, 1.30
Medicaid Plan
Fee for service	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Capitation	1.19^*	1.03, 1.37	1.09	0.99, 1.20	1.21	0.97, 1.50	1.00	0.90, 1.12
Psychiatric diagnosis	1.56^***	1.37, 1.78	1.49^***	1.36, 1.64	1.61^***	1.32, 1.96	1.58^***	1.42, 1.75
Substance use diagnosis
Alcohol use disorder	1.61^***	1.26, 2.05	1.34^**	1.09, 1.63	2.02^***	1.47, 2.79	0.98	0.78, 1.23
Nonopioid drug use disorder	1.70^***	1.48, 1.95	1.26^***	1.13, 1.39	1.51^***	1.22, 1.86	1.07	0.95, 1.21
Initial buprenorphine dosage^b	0.99	0.96, 1.02	0.98	0.97, 1.00	1.00	0.97, 1.04	0.99	0.97, 1.01

Data are from the multi-state MarketScan database of Medicaid claims, 2013–2017.

Initial buprenorphine dosage was a continuous variable, and odds ratios are associated with each 1 mg increment in initial buprenorphine dose.

p<0.05.

^**

p<0.01.

^***

p<0.001.