Table 3.

Unstandardized β Coefficients from OLS Regressions of Working Memory Performance (Serial 7s) (N = 4912)

Variable	β Coefficient		95% CI			P value		β Coefficient	95% CI			P value
			Model I						Model II
Japan		0.36		0.27 ~ 0.45	***		0.76			0.67 ~ 0.85	***
Age (years)		−0.03		−0.03 ~ −0.02	***		−0.01			−0.02 ~ −0.01	***
Female		−0.41		−0.50 ~ −0.33	***		−0.33			−0.41 ~ −0.24	***
Education (median centered)							0.17			0.16 ~ 0.19	***
Underweight
Overweight/obesity
Diabetes
Stroke
Heart disease
Hypertension
Total functioning difficulties
Japan * female
Japan * education
Intercept		5.71		5.17 ~ 6.25	***		4.72			4.21 ~ 5.24	***
R2				0.04						0.15
			Model III						Model IV
Japan		0.78		0.68 ~ 0.88	***		0.54			0.40 ~ 0.68	***
Age (years)		−0.01		−0.01 ~ 0.00			−0.01			−0.01 ~ 0.00	*
Female		−0.32		−0.40 ~ −0.23	***		−0.43			−0.53 ~ −0.32	***
Education (median centered)		0.17		0.15 ~ 0.18	***		0.20			0.18 ~ 0.21	***
Underweight		−0.09		−0.29 ~ 0.10			−0.09			−0.29 ~ 0.10
Overweight/obesity		0.15		0.06 ~ 0.25	**		0.14			0.05 ~ 0.23	**
Diabetes		−0.07		−0.18 ~ 0.04			−0.06			−0.17 ~ 0.05
Stroke		−0.19		−0.34 ~ −0.04	*		−0.18			−0.33 ~ −0.03	*
Heart disease		−0.00		−0.11 ~ 0.10			−0.09			−0.11 ~ 0.10
Hypertension		−0.01		−0.11 ~ 0.09			0.00			−0.10 ~ 0.10
Total functioning difficulties		−0.13		−0.17 ~ −0.10	***		−0.13			−0.16 ~ −0.09	***
Japan * female							0.24			0.07 ~ 0.41	**
Japan * education							−0.09			−0.12 ~ −0.06	***
Intercept		4.09		3.55 ~ 4.64	***		4.32			3.77 ~ 4.86	***
R2				0.16						0.17

^*P < .05,

^**P < .01,

^***P < .001.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OLS, ordinary least squares.