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. 2020 Jan 30;7:487. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00487

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Copyright © 2020 Cao, Zhu, Zheng, He, Meng, Song and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IVM technique of time-resolved imaging for tumor biomarkers (Fan et al., 2018). (A) A diagram showing the procedure of an animal experiment. Three groups of Er nanoparticles with different lifespans were combined with three antibodies (anti-ER, anti-PR, and anti-HER2) and were transplanted into mice via the caudal vessel. Lifespan distinguished imaging was then accomplished with IVM to quantitatively analyze biomarker expression on the tumor. (B) The lifespan distinguished images of McF-7 and bt-474 tumors were decomposed into three lifespan paths, which were red, green and blue monochromatic images. The pattern of biomarker expression was determined by integrating the intensities of each component and standardizing the overall intensity of the whole tumor area. Using the results of in vitro western blot (C) and in vitro immunohistochemistry assay (D), the biomarker expression modes of IVM in two tumor hypotypes were calculated. Adapted from Fan et al. (2018) written by Fan Zhang etc. with permission.