Table 1.
Studies included in review
| Study | Data source | Labels used to describe sampling frame and/or participants | Sample size | Age, years (mean) | Male % | Verbal % | White % | SEP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employment | ||||||||
| Baldwin et al. [12] | Purposive sampling of participants from the We Belong Survey | Autism spectrum disorder, Asperger’s disorder, high functioning autism, PDD-NOS, autistic disorder | 130 | 18–65 | 68 | NR | NR | YES |
| Bross et al. [13] | Convenience sample recruited from a community college and nonprofit organization | Asperger syndrome | 1 | 18 | 100 | 100 | 100 | NR |
| Burgess et al. [14] | Nationwide RSA-911 data from 2002 to 2011 | Autism spectrum disorder | 34,501 | (20.32) NR-22 | 82.2 | NR | 83.8 | YES |
| Chen et al. [15] | Rehabilitation Service Administration Case Services Report (RSA-911) for the 2011 fiscal year. | Autism | 5681 | NR | 84 | NR | 80.2 | YES |
| Ditchman et al. [16] | RSA-911 data for 2009 fiscal year | Autism, autism spectrum disorder | 2219 | (18.55) 16–24 | 84.26 | NR | 82.2 | NR |
| Gentry et al. [17] | Convenience sample from Virginia Department of Aging and Rehabilitative Services | Autism spectrum disorder | 50 | 18–60 | 84 | 68 | 60 | YES |
| Hill et al. [18] | Convenience sample of participants in the Triumph Project, an urban, nonprofit rehabilitation program | Autism spectrum disorders | 3 | 23–26 | 33 | NR | NR | NR |
| Kaya et al. [19] | RSA-911 data | Autism, autism spectrum disorder | 4322 | 16–25 | 85 | NR | 79 | YES |
| Kaya et al. [20] | RSA-911 data | Autism | 3243 | 19–25 | 83 | NR | 78 | YES |
| Migliore et al. [21] | RSA-911 data sampled for 19 states from 2006 to 2010 | Autism | 24,215 | 16–26 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Morgan et al. [22] | Convenience sample, recruited through CARD system and local organizations | Autistic disorder, Asperger’s syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified, autism spectrum disorder | 28 | 18–36 | 96 | NC | 86 | YES |
| Nicholas et al. [23] | Convenience sample from autism programs and organizations then researchers used snowball sampling methods to recruit participants. | Asperger’s syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and autism | 71 | 18–65 | 69 | NR | NR | NR |
| Schall et al. [24] | Retrospective record review of people who received supported employment services from a rehabilitation provider | Autism, autism disorder, Asperger’s disorder, PDD-NOS | 45 | (25.8) | 82 | NR | 69 | YES |
| Smith et al. [25] | Convenience sample | Non-specific autism spectrum diagnosis | 26 | (24.2) 18–31 | 76.9 | NR | 46.2 | YES |
| Smith et al. [26] | Convenience sample | Non-specific autism spectrum diagnosis | 23 | (24.3) | 73.9 | NR | 43.5 | YES |
| Sung et al. [27] | RSA-911 data used: full sample of eligible women and random sample of 20% of men | Autism, autism disorder, Asperger’s disorder, PDD-NOS | 1696 | 16–25 | 51 | NR | 80 | YES |
| Wehman et al. [28] | Convenience sample | Autism, pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified, or Asperger’s disorder | 40 | 18–21.5 | 72.5 | NC | 46.7 | NR |
| Wehman et al. [29] | Retrospective record review, convenience sample | Autism spectrum disorder | 64 | (26) 19–59 | 82 | NR | 63 | YES |
| Postsecondary education | ||||||||
| Hendrickson et al. [30] | Program participants were sampled | Autism spectrum disorder | 14 | 18–22 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Koegel et al. [31] | Purposive instrumental sample | Autism spectrum disorder, Asperger’s syndrome | 3 | 21–23 | 100 | NR | 66.7 | NR |
| Rando et al. [32] | Convenience sample | Autism spectrum disorder | 11 | (19) | 80 | NR | NR | NR |
| Roux et al. [33] | NLTS2 data | Autism | 620 | 21–25 | 85 | 10.9–63.5 | 85 | YES |
| Siew et al. [34] | Convenience sample | Autistic disorder | 10 | 17–20 | 70 | NR | NR | NR |
| White et al. [35] | Convenience sample recruited through University office of disability services | Autism spectrum disorder | 8 | (20.5) 18–23 | 62.5 | NR | 87.5 | NR |
| Employment/postsecondary | ||||||||
| Briel et al. [36] | Purposive sampling of students with ASD receiving Disability Support Services Offices at colleges within the state. | Autism spectrum disorder | 18 | 18–43 | 83 | NR | 89 | YES |
| Taylor et al. [37] | Sample from a larger longitudinal study | Autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified | 161 | 18–52 | 72 | 30.4 | NR | YES |
| Social skills | ||||||||
| Kandalaft et al. [38] | Convenience sample from another study on social cognition | Asperger syndrome or PDD-NOS | 8 | 18–26 | 75 | NR | 87.5 | NR |
| Laugeson et al. [39] | Convenience sample from UCLA PEERS clinic | Autism spectrum disorder | 17 | 18–24 | 76.5 | NR | 52.9 | NR |
| Mehling et al. [40] | Sampled from NCI survey | Autism spectrum disorder | 886 | (33.2) | 73.9 | NR | 75.2 | NR |
| Nuernberger et al. [41] | Convenience sample | Autism, Asperger’s syndrome | 3 | 19–23 | 67 | NR | NR | NR |
| Medical/Healthcare | ||||||||
| Liu et al. [42] | Data from healthcare claims | Autism spectrum disorder | 87,683 | 12–21 | 79.7 | NR | NR | NR |
| Nicolaidis et al. [43] | Online convenience sample | Autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified | 209 | 18-NR | 41 | NR | 86 | YES |
| Nicolaidis et al. [44] | Purposive sampling for maximum variation | Autism, Asperger’s, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, or autism spectrum disorder | 39 | 19–64 | 56 | NR | 64 | YES |
| Vohra et al. [45] | Sample from records | Autistic disorder, Asperger’s syndrome, and other pervasive developmental disorders | 25,257 | 22–64 | 75.5 | NR | NR | YES |
| Weiss et al. [46] | Analysis of health administrative and disability income supports data from Ontario | Autism spectrum disorder | 5095 | 18–24 | 77.6 | NR | NR | NR |
| Organizational management/Staff or provider issues | ||||||||
| Warfield et al. [47] | Purposive sampling of physicians who provide medical care for adults with autism | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Zawacki et al. [48] | Convenience sample of staff members and adults receiving services | Autism spectrum disorder | 3 | 20–27 | 0 | NR | NR | NR |
| Zerbo et al. [49] | Convenience and purposive sampling | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Independent living skills | ||||||||
| Burckley et al. [50] | Convenience sample | Pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified | 1 | 18 | 0 | NR | 100 | NR |
| Policy | ||||||||
| Williams [51] | Legal case study | Asperger’s disorder | 1 | NR | 100 | NR | NR | NR |
| Residential Services | ||||||||
| Hewitt et al. [52] | Disproportionate random sampling of 400 participants in 25 states with replacement | Autism spectrum disorder | 1459 | 18-NR | 77.4 | NR | 72.3 | NR |
| Service Needs Assessment | ||||||||
| Anderson et al. [53] | Convenience sample | Autism spectrum disorder, autism, Asperger’s, PDD-NOS, other ASD | 20 | (24) | 75 | NR | 90 | YES |
| Farley et al. [54] | Sampled from a previous epidemiological survey | Autistic disorder, autism, autism spectrum disorder | 162 | 22–51 | 76 | NR | NR | NR |
| Koffer Miller et al. [55] | Convenience sample | Autism spectrum disorder | 36 | 21-NR | 69.9 | NR | NR | NR |
| Lai et al. [56] | Recruited survey participants across Canada | Autism spectrum disorder, autism, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified | 3317 | 2–61 | 82 | NR | 84 | YES |
| Mukherjee et al. [57] | Purposive sampling of service users from three service locations | Autism spectrum disorder | 225 | 18–65+ | 68 | NR | NR | NR |
| Sosnowy et al. [58] | Convenience sampling and snowball sampling | Autism spectrum disorder | 20 | 18–29 | 41.2 | NR | 88.2 | YES |
| Tint et al. [59] | Convenience sampling and snowball sampling | Autism spectrum disorder | 20 | 19–69 | 0 | NR | 90 | YES |
| Turcotte et al. [60] | Data from Pennsylvania Autism Needs Assessment survey | Autism spectrum disorder, Asperger’s disorder, autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified | 3269 | (25) | 81 | NR | 89 | YES |
| Costs | ||||||||
| Buescher et al. [61] | Cost estimates calculated by compiling information from multiple studies | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Mavranezouli et al. [62] | Cost effectiveness analysis based on data from a prior study of supported employment intervention for adults on the 11111autism spectrum | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Social Participation | ||||||||
| Milton et al. [63] | Convenience sample | Autistic, autism spectrum | 12 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |