Table 3.
Drug exposure of the study subjects.
| Variables | N | n | Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics exposure during the previous 30 days | 0.339 | ||||
| No | 135 | 20 | 14.8 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 396 | 73 | 18.4 | 1.300 (0.758–2.227) | |
| Kinds of Antibiotics | 0.072 | ||||
| 0 | 135 | 20 | 14.8 | Ref. | |
| 1 | 168 | 37 | 22.0 | 1.624 (0.892–2.956) | 0.112 |
| 2 | 115 | 15 | 13.0 | 0.863 (0.419–1.774) | 0.688 |
| 3 | 59 | 7 | 11.9 | 0.774 (0.308–1.944) | 0.586 |
| ≥4 | 54 | 14 | 25.9 | 2.013 (0.930–4.355) | 0.076 |
| β-lactamase inhibitors | |||||
| Total | 0.951 | ||||
| No | 427 | 75 | 17.6 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 104 | 18 | 17.3 | 0.982 (0.558–1.730) | |
| Cefoperazone Sodium and Sulbactam Sodium | 0.158 | ||||
| No | 482 | 88 | 18.2 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 49 | 5 | 10.2 | 0.509 (0.196–1.320) | |
| Piperacillin and tazobactam | 0.467 | ||||
| No | 479 | 82 | 17.1 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 52 | 11 | 21.2 | 1.299 (0.641–2.633) | |
| Carbapenems | |||||
| Total | 0.335 | ||||
| No | 430 | 72 | 16.7 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 101 | 21 | 20.8 | 1.305 (0.758–2.247) | |
| Meropenem | 0.785 | ||||
| No | 489 | 85 | 17.4 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 42 | 8 | 19.1 | 1.118 (0.500–2.501) | |
| Imipenem | 0.207 | ||||
| No | 476 | 80 | 16.8 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 55 | 13 | 23.6 | 1.532 (0.786–2.985) | |
| Fluroquinolones | |||||
| Total | 0.044 | ||||
| No | 418 | 66 | 15.8 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 113 | 27 | 23.9 | 1.674 (1.009–2.777) | |
| Levofloxacin | 0.026 | ||||
| No | 474 | 77 | 16.2 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 57 | 16 | 28.1 | 2.012 (1.075–3.767) | |
| Moxifloxacin | 1.000 | ||||
| No | 504 | 89 | 17.7 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 27 | 4 | 14.8 | 0.811 (0.274–2.403) | |
| Pyrroles | 0.787 | ||||
| No | 506 | 88 | 17.4 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 25 | 5 | 20.0 | 1.188 (0.434–3.249) | |
| Nitroimidazoles | |||||
| Total | 0.200 | ||||
| No | 503 | 91 | 18.1 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 28 | 2 | 7.1 | 0.348 (0.081–1.494) | |
| Ornidazole | 0.702 | ||||
| No | 519 | 92 | 17.7 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 12 | 1 | 8.3 | 0.422 (0.054–3.309) | |
| Metronidazole | 0.338 | ||||
| No | 513 | 92 | 17.9 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 18 | 1 | 5.6 | 0.269 (0.035–2.048) | |
| Cephalosproins | |||||
| Total | 0.393 | ||||
| No | 345 | 64 | 18.6 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 186 | 29 | 15.6 | 0.811 (0.502–1.311) | |
| C4G | 0.813 | ||||
| No | 483 | 84 | 17.4 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 48 | 9 | 18.8 | 1.096 (0.512–2.349) | |
| C3G | 0.958 | ||||
| No | 452 | 79 | 17.5 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 79 | 14 | 17.7 | 1.017 (0.544–1.903) | |
| C2G | 0.093 | ||||
| No | 463 | 86 | 18.6 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 68 | 7 | 10.3 | 0.503 (0.222–1.138) | |
| C1G | 0.538 | ||||
| No | 527 | 92 | 17.5 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 4 | 1 | 25.0 | 1.576 (0.162–15.322) | |
| Proton pump inhibitors exposure during the previous 30 days | |||||
| Total | 0.864 | ||||
| No | 358 | 62 | 17.3 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 173 | 31 | 17.9 | 1.042 (0.648–1.676) | |
| Omeprazole | 0.165 | ||||
| No | 462 | 85 | 18.4 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 69 | 8 | 11.6 | 0.582 (0.268–1.261) | |
| Pantoprazole | 0.818 | ||||
| No | 482 | 85 | 17.6 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 49 | 8 | 16.3 | 0.911 (0.412–2.014) | |
| Lansoprazole | 0.045 | ||||
| No | 485 | 80 | 16.5 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 46 | 13 | 28.3 | 1.994 (1.005–3.957) | |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference; C4G, fourth generation cephalosporin; C3G, third generation cephalosporin; C2G, second generation cephalosporin; C1G, first generation cephalosporin. Numbers in bold indicate statistical significance.