Fig. 2.

HaCaT cells express considerable amount of a proinflammatory mediator HMGB1. a Expression of HMGB1 in NHEK and HaCaT cells. Compare to primary cultured keratinocyte, HaCaT cells actively produce and secrete HMGB1 in Supernatant, concentrated conditioned medium. Experiments were repeated three times and the representative blot images were shown. b Immunodetection of expression and distribution of HMGB1. HGM1 was detectable in both the nuclei and cytosol (arrows) of HaCaT cells. Experiments were repeated three times and the representative images were shown. Bars, 25 μm. c Effect of GK2 on the mRNA expression of interferon-β (IFNβ), one of the most sensitive HMGB1 downstream elements in keratinocytes. All the independent experiments (exp1, 2 and 3) demonstrated clear down-regulation of IFNβ by the treatment with GΚ2, albeit its expression was varied depending on the culture