Fig. 4.

Effect of LPS treatment. Gene expression was measured after treatment of MDCK cells with 1 µg/mL LPS for 3 and 24 h at 37 °C in 5% CO₂. Data are expressed as 2^−ΔΔCt where ΔCt = Ct (target gene) − Ct (housekeeping), values are the mean of three test replicates ± 1 standard deviation and ΔΔCt = ΔCt (Cd treatment) − ΔCt (untreated control). Negative samples were given a Ct 38 fictitious value. Asterisks indicate significant differences: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001