Figure 4.

(a) Contractile forces (mean ± standard deviation) calculated using finite element simulations for two muscle isolations with seven fibers each. Fibers are electrically stimulated with single pulses. Contractility values of individual fibers are shown by black markers. (b) Shown are single-pulse contractile forces calculated from cell shape changes using Eq. 1 versus forces calculated using finite element simulations. Each symbol corresponds to a single cell. Colors correspond to two different muscle isolations. (c) Shown are contractile forces (mean ± standard deviation for seven fibers of isolation #2) stimulated with single pulses (0 Hz) or 300-ms-long pulse trains with pulse frequencies between 10 and 100 Hz. Forces are calculated using Eq. 1. Black markers that are connected with red dashed lines indicate the response of individual cells. To see this figure in color, go online.