Figure 3.

Speed increases with flow for rolling cells but remains constant for upstream crawling cells. (A) Shown is speed versus substrate composition of all cells in shear-free condition and of upstream crawling cells and downstream crawling cells and rolling cells under a shear stress of 4 dyn/cm⁻². X I/Y V stands for X% ICAM-1/Y% VCAM-1. All data are mean ± SE; n = 6 independent experiments with at least 500 cells in each experiment. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.001, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett’s test. (B) Shown are cumulative distance traveled by individual crawling cells on ICAM-1 (left), mixed ICAM-1/VCAM-1 (center), and VCAM-1 (right) substrates. The color of each curve indicates the migration mode of the corresponding cell tracked—blue for upstream and red for downstream crawling cells. Black solid lines represent the mean, and black dotted lines represent the SD. To see this figure in color, go online.