Table 3.

Description of the included Studies

Study	n	Age (yr)	Fistula site	Fistula size/Period	CSO (size)	Access	Failed previous treatment	Adjunctive therapy	Successful closure	Adverse events	Follow-up period
Rabenstein et al. (2006) [21]	1	70	Esophagopleural	N/A	VSD (6 mm)	Oral/Tracheal	Fibrin glue	No	Yes	Yes; Migration	1 yr
				Chronic
Green et al. (2008) [22]	1	69	Bronchoesophageal	6 mm	N/A	Bronchial	Uncovered SEMS	No	Yes	No	5 wk
				14 mo
Boulougouri et al. (2009) [16]	1	57	Duodenocutaneous (third portion)	Wide	N/A (10 mm; waist)	Percutaneous	Two endoclips	No	Yes	No	5 mo
				27 days
Melmed et al. (2009) [6]	1	82	Gastrocolonic	15 mm	N/A	Oral	Cauterization, endoclips, endoloop, and biodegradable plug	Cyano-acrylate glue after both procedures	No	Yes; Migration	18 mo
				1 yr after PEG tube placement
Coppola et al. (2010) [8]	1	83	Tracheoesophageal	N/A	N/A	Oral	FCSEMS, endoclips, and fibrin glue	No	No	Yes; Fistula enlargement and migration	10 mo
				Chronic
Kouklakis et al. (2010) [23]	1	58	Gastrojejunocolonic	N/A	ASD (9 mm)	Oral	No	No	No	No	1 wk
Baron (2010) [24]	1	38	Gastrocolonic after RYGB	N/A	VSD	Oral	Endoclips	No	Yes	No	6 wk
				8 yr
Repici et al. (2010) [25]	1	58	Esophagotracheal	N/A	N/A	Oral	Endoclips, FCSEMS, fibrin glue, and surgery	No	Yes	No	8 mo
				Chronic
Lee et al. (2011) [7]	1	68	Gastrotracheal	N/A	ASD	Oral	Endoclips and fibrin glue	No	Yes	No	1 mo
				Chronic
Cardoso et al. (2012) [26]	1	60	Gastroesophageal anastomosis	35 mm	N/A	Oral	No	fibrin glue + PCSEMS	Yes	No	6 wk
				8 days
Kadlec et al. (2013) [27]	1	63	Esophagopleural	10 mm	ASD (12 mm)	Thoracic/Oral	Nasoenteral tube	No	No	Yes; Fistula enlargement	9 mo
				3 mo
Kumbhari et al. (2014) [28]	1	50	Gastric (after sleeve gastrectomy)	6 mm	N/A	Oral	OTSC, FCSEMS, and	No	Yes	No	8 wk
				4 weeks after sleeve gastrectomy
Kumbhari et al. (2014) [29]	1	72	Tracheoesophageal	10 mm	N/A	Oral	No	No	Yes	No	6 wk
				Chronic
Wiest et al. (2014) [30]	1	40	Gastric (after sleeve gastrectomy)	9 mm	VSD (12 mm)	Oral	FCSEMS, surgery to switch to gastric bypass	No	Yes	No	1 yr
				7 mo
Odemis et al. (2015) [31]	1	35	Gastrocutaneous	15 mm	VSD (18 mm)	Oral	Nasogastric tube and OTSC	No	Yes	No	6 mo
				4 weeks
Cohen-Atsmoni et al. (2015) [32]	2	N/A	Tracheoesophageal	1) 4.5 mm N/A	1) ASD (6 mm waist)	1) Oral	1) No	1) No	1) Yes	1) No	1) 4 yr
				2) N/A N/A	2) ASD (12 mm waist)	2) Bronchial	2) No	2) No	2) No	2) Yes; Migration	2) More than 2 wk
Subtil et al. (2016) [33]	2	63	Tracheoesophageal	1) 8 mm Chronic	1) ASD (8 mm)	Oral/Tracheal	Two FCSEMSs, nasogastric tube, and tracheal prosthesis	No	1) Yes	1) No	4 mo
				2) 1 cm Chronic	2) ASD (13 mm)				2) Yes	2) No
Fernandez-Urien et al. (2016) [34]	2	51	Esophagobronchial	1) 5 mm Chronic	1) N/A	Tracheal/Oral	1) Traditional endoscopic approaches	1) No	1) Yes	1) No	9 mo
				2) N/A Chronic	2) N/A		2) No	2) No	2) Yes	2) No
Mejia Perez el al. (2016) [35]	1	55	Esophagopleural	5 mm Chronic	ASD	Percutaneous (chest wall)	FCSEMS	Fixation with suture to the chest	Yes	No	4 wk

ASD, atrial septal defect; CSO, cardiac septal occluder; FCSEMS, fully covered self-expandable metal stent; N/A, not available; OTSC, over-the-scope clip; PCSEM, partially covered self-expandable metal stent; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SEMS, self-explandable metal stent; VSD, ventricular septal defect.