Figure 4.

Effects of AST treatment on depression-like behaviors. This figure shows that AST could ameliorate the depressive-like behaviors of diabetic rats. Preventive plus therapeutic treatment with AST increased the time and the number of entries in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test (A, B). Preventive or preventive plus therapeutic treatment with AST could decease the duration of immobility in the forced swimming test (C) and increase the locomotor activity of diabetic rats (D) and the frequency of line crossing and rearing in the open field test (E). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, or ^###p < 0.001 vs. control group, ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, or ^***p < 0.001 vs. DM group.