Table 2.
Dairy products consumption per day, and hypertension risk. E3N Cohort, France 1993–2008 (N = 40,526)
| Dairy products (servings/week) | Cases | Person-years | M1 | M2 | M3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR [95% CI] | p | HR [95% CI] | p | HR [95% CI] | p | |||
| Total dairy | ||||||||
| Q1 (< 9.1) | 1858 | 98,273 | Reference | 0.38 | Reference | 0.41 | Reference | 0.86 |
| Q2 (9.1–12.6) | 1820 | 99,380 | 0.97 [0.90; 1.03] | 0.97 [0.90; 1.03] | 0.97 [0.91; 1.03] | |||
| Q3 (12.6–16.1) | 1890 | 98,609 | 1.01 [0.87; 1.04] | 0.99 [0.93; 1.06] | 1.00 [0.94; 1.07] | |||
| Q4 (16.1–21.0) | 1903 | 98,791 | 1.02 [0.85; 1.07] | 0.99 [0.83; 1.06] | 1.00 [0.94; 1.07] | |||
| Q5 (> 21.0) | 1868 | 98,257 | 0.99 [0.93: 1.07] | 0.96 [0.89; 1.03] | 0.97 [0.91; 1.04] | |||
| Milk | ||||||||
| Q1 (0) | 4042 | 210,401 | Reference | 0.54 | Reference | 0.66 | Reference | 0.23 |
| Q2 (0–2.1) | 1630 | 91,719 | 0.93 [0.88; 0.98] | 0.93 [0.87; 0.99] | 0.95 [0.88; 1.03] | |||
| Q3 (2.1–4.2) | 1861 | 97,132 | 1.02 [0.96; 1.09] | 0.98 [0.92; 1.05] | 0.94 [0.90; 0.99] | |||
| Q4 (> 4.2) | 1807 | 94,057 | 0.99 [0.91; 1.07] | 1.01 [0.94; 1.08] | 0.96 [0.61; 1.01] | |||
| Yogurt | ||||||||
| Q1 (0) | 1206 | 57,794 | Reference | 0.04 | Reference | 0.10 | Reference | 0.09 |
| Q2 (0–2.9) | 3078 | 169,861 | 0.92 [0.85; 0.98] | 0.93 [0.87; 1.00] | 0.99 [0.94; 1.05] | |||
| Q3 (2.9–5.0) | 2550 | 137,645 | 0.94 [0.87; 1.01] | 0.95 [0.88; 1.02] | 0.99 [0.94; 1.05] | |||
| Q4 (> 5.0) | 2506 | 128,009 | 1.02 [0.94; 1.10] | 1.02 [0.94; 1.10] | 1.06 [1.00; 1.12] | |||
| Cottage cheese | ||||||||
| Q1 (0) | 2463 | 131,350 | Reference | 0.72 | Reference | 0.38 | Reference | 0.23 |
| Q2 (0–0.6) | 2256 | 119,169 | 1.05 [0.99; 1.11] | 1.03 [0.97; 1.10] | 1.03 [0.97; 1.09] | |||
| Q3 (0.6–1.6) | 2237 | 120,049 | 1.03 [0.97; 1.09] | 1.02 [0.96; 1.08] | 1.05 [0.99; 1.11] | |||
| Q4 (> 1.6) | 2384 | 122,742 | 1.03 [0.97; 1.10] | 1.00 [0.94; 1.06] | 0.98 [0.92; 1.05] | |||
| Cheese | ||||||||
| Q1 (< 3.7) | 2300 | 122,557 | Reference | 0.53 | Reference | 0.57 | Reference | 0.51 |
| Q2 (3.7–6.4) | 2344 | 123,830 | 1.04 [0.98; 1.10] | 1.05 [0.99; 1.11] | 1.02 [0.96; 1.08] | |||
| Q3 (6.4–9.7) | 2404 | 123,130 | 1.01 [1.01; 1.16] | 1.09 [1.02; 1.17] | 1.05 [0.99; 1.11] | |||
| Q4 (> 9.7) | 2292 | 123,792 | 0.94 [0.94; 1.12] | 1.03 [0.95; 1.14] | 0.98 [0.92; 1.05] | |||
M1: Adjusted for energy (energy without alcohol (kcal/d)),
M2: M1+ smoking status (never, former, current), education (without high school diploma, with high school diploma), family history of hypertension (no, yes), and physical activity (mets/d))
M3: M2+ alcohol (g/d)), processed meat(g/d)), fruits and vegetables(g/d))