Table 2.
Overview of results: subjective and objective sleep outcomes from different studies (studies are ordered from highest to lowest number of significant sleep outcomes)
| Chen et al. (2012) [75] | Chen et al. (2010) [73] | Chen et al. (2009) [72] | Frye, et al. (2007) [70] | Hosseini et al. (2011) [74] | Nguyen and Kruse (2012) [76] | Stevenson and Topp (1990) [68] | Chan and Chen (2016) [80] | Naylor et al. (2000) [69] | Curi et al. (2018) [81] | Melancon et al. (2015) [79] | Chen and Tseng (2008) [71] | Hariprasad et al. (2013) [78] | Oudegeest-Sander et al. (2013) [77] | #significant improved /#reported outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Program characteristics | |||||||||||||||
|
− frequency − intensity − time − duration − type |
− 3*/week − moderate − 30 min − 12 weeks − Baduanjin |
− 3*/week − moderate − 70 min − 6 months − silver yoga exercises |
− 3*/week − moderate − 70 min − 6 months − silver yoga exercises |
− 3*/week − low-to-moderate − 60 min − 12 weeks − tai chi, low impact exercises |
− 3*/week − moderate − 20-25 min − 12 weeks − Tai chi |
− 2*/week − moderate − 60 min − 6 months − Tai chi |
− 3*/week − moderate − 55-60 min − 6 months − stretching, cycling, slow walking |
− *3/week − low − 40 min − 6 months − elastic band exercises |
−1*/day − low − 45 min − 2 weeks − stretching, cooling down |
− 1*/week − moderate − 60 min − 16 weeks − Pilates |
− 3*/week − moderate − 45-60 min − 16 weeks − brisk walking |
− 3*/week − moderate − 70 min − 4 weeks − silver yoga exercises |
− 1*/day − moderate − 60 min − 6 months − yoga |
− 3*/week −vigorous − 45 min − 12 months − cycling |
– |
| Measures of sleep, effect size and study quality | |||||||||||||||
| (s)ubjective or (o)bjective | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | o | s | s/o | s | s | o | – |
| effect size* | 1.55 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.35 (group 1) – 0.52 (group 2) | 0.44 | 1.52 | n | 0.34 | n | 0.44 | 0.48 | n | 0.55 | n | |
| study quality | strong | strong | strong | strong | moderate | strong | strong | moderate | moderate | strong | moderate | moderate | strong | strong | |
| Sleep outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| difficulties falling back to sleep | x* | 1*/1 (100%) | |||||||||||||
| NREM sleep | x* | 1*/1 (100%) | |||||||||||||
| subjective sleep quantity | x* | 1*/1 (100%) | |||||||||||||
| PSQI total score | x* | x* | x* | x* | x* | x* | x* | x | x | x* | 8*/10 (80%) | ||||
| sleep latency | x* | x* | x* | x* | x | x* | x | x | x | x | 5*/10 (50%) | ||||
| sleep disturbances | x* | x* | x* | x | x | x | x* | x | 4*/8 (50%) | ||||||
| wake time after sleep onset | x | x* | 1*/2 (50%) | ||||||||||||
| slow wave sleep | x* | x | 1*/2 (50%) | ||||||||||||
| stage 2 sleep | x* | x | 1*/2 (50%) | ||||||||||||
| total sleep time | x* | x | 1*/2 (50%) | ||||||||||||
| daytime dysfunction | x* | x* | x* | x | x | x | x | 3*/7 (43%) | |||||||
| sleep duration | x* | x* | x* | x | x | x | x | 3*/7 (43%) | |||||||
| sleep medication | x* | x | x* | x | x | 2*/5 (40%) | |||||||||
| sleep efficiency | x* | x* | x* | x | x | x | x | x | 3*/8 (38%) | ||||||
| sleep quality | x* | x* | x | x | x | x | x | x | 2*/8 (25%) | ||||||
| awakenings | x | 0*/1 (0%) | |||||||||||||
| #significant improved /#reported outcome | 8*/8 (100%) | 5*/5 (100%) | 4*/4 (100%) | 1*/1 (100%) | 1*/1 (100%) | 1*/1 (100%) | 3*/4 (75%) | 4*/8 (50%) | 3*/6 (50%) | 3*/8 (38%) | 2*/9 (22%) | 1*/8 (13%) | 1*/8 (13%) | 0*/4 (0%) | |
Effect size underlined: Cohen’s d effect size > 80 = substantial; n = data to calculate effect size not available;
*Effect sizes are based on the main reported outcome in the individual study; these are indicated in bold in the table;
Sleep outcomes: x = measured outcome; x* = significant improved measure; no negative outcomes were reported;
NREM Non-rapid eye movement sleep; PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index