Fig. 5.

Effect of paroxetine on M/Lps-induced signaling activation in primary astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with or without 10 μM of paroxetine for 30 min followed by stimulation with M/Lps for 0–120 min. a Western blot analyses of p38, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p65/NF-κB, and STAT3 activation. b–f Levels of phosphorylation forms were quantified and normalized to their respective total levels. Values were expressed relative to the one stimulated with M/Lps alone for 15 min, which was set as 100. Data are means ± SE, n = 4. Statistical comparisons were performed using two-way ANOVA. Different letters and * indicate p < 0.05. M/Lps, microglia conditioned medium pre-activated with LPS