Table 1.

Examples of interactions between MAMPs of probiotics and PRRs of hosts

MAMP	Probiotic
	PRR	PRR location	Co-receptor	Species	Refs
SlpA	DC-SIGN	Cell membrane	Unknown	L. acidophilus	[29]
Flagellin	TLR5	Cell membrane	Unknown	E. Coli Nissle 1917	[35]
Pili	TLR4	Cell membrane	Mannose glycoproteins	E. Coli Nissle 1917 (type 1 pili)	[42]
CPS	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	B. thetaiotaomicron	[48]
LTA	TLR2	Cell membrane	CD14 and CD36	L. plantarum	[113]
PG	TLR2-NOD1 (or NOD2)	Cell membrane–Cytoplasmic	CD14	L. plantarum DAP-PG	[114]
p40 p75	Unknown	Unknown	EGFR	L. rhamnosus GG	[55]
Indole	TLP4	Cell membrane	Unknown	B. infantis	[65]

PRRs pattern recognition receptors, MAMPs microbial-associated molecular patterns, TLRs toll-like receptors, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, DC-SIGN dendritic cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing nonintegrin, Slp surface layer protein, CPS capsule polysaccharide, NOD nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing protein, LPS lipopolysaccharide, LTA lipoteichoic acid; p75 and p40, cell wall associated hydrolase, PG peptidoglycan