Table 2.
Associations between selected arsenic exposure metrics and diabetes within strata of socioeconomic status
| All Subjects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Exposure Level | With Diabetes | Without Diabetes | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted1 OR (95% CI) |
| Highest single year exposure (μg/L) | <60 | 48 | 183 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 60–859 | 134 | 475 | 1.08 (0.74–1.56) | 1.15 (0.79–1.70) | |
| >859 | 120 | 341 | 1.34 (0.92–1.96) | 1.53 (1.03–2.27) | |
| p trend | 0.07 | 0.02 | |||
| Lifetime average (μg/L) | <42.9 | 92 | 338 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42.9–155.2 | 94 | 348 | 0.99 (0.72–1.37) | 1.04 (0.74–1.44) | |
| >155.2 | 116 | 313 | 1.36 (0.99–1.86) | 1.50 (1.08–2.09) | |
| p trend | 0.03 | 0.01 | |||
| Cumulative exposure ([μg/L]-years) | <2,780 | 90 | 339 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 2,780–10,118.2 | 92 | 352 | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 1.03 (0.73–1.43) | |
| >10,118.2 | 120 | 308 | 1.47 (1.07–2.01) | 1.52 (1.09–2.11) | |
| p trend | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
| Low Socioeconomic Status | |||||
| With Diabetes | Without Diabetes | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted1 OR (95% CI) |
||
| Highest single year exposure (μg/L) | <60 | 20 | 96 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 60–859 | 67 | 224 | 1.44 (0.83–2.50) | 1.58 (0.88–2.82) | |
| >859 | 52 | 146 | 1.71 (0.96–3.04) | 2.08 (1.13–3.83) | |
| p trend | 0.13 | 0.04 | |||
| Lifetime average (μg/L) | <42.9 | 38 | 174 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42.9–155.2 | 48 | 157 | 1.40 (0.87–2.26) | 1.48 (0.90–2.43) | |
| >155.2 | 53 | 135 | 1.80 (1.12–2.89) | 2.12 (1.29–3.49) | |
| p trend | 0.02 | 0.004 | |||
| Cumulative exposure ([μg/L]-years) | <2,780 | 35 | 170 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 2,780–10,118.2 | 51 | 161 | 1.54 (0.95–2.49) | 1.68 (1.02–2.78) | |
| >10,118.2 | 53 | 135 | 1.91 (1.18–3.09) | 2.18 (1.31–3.62) | |
| p trend | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
| High Socioeconomic Status | |||||
| With Diabetes | Without Diabetes | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted1 OR (95% CI) |
||
| Highest single year exposure (μg/L) | <60 | 28 | 87 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 60–859 | 67 | 251 | 0.83 (0.50–1.37) | 0.88 (0.52–1.48) | |
| >859 | 68 | 195 | 1.08 (0.65–1.80) | 1.16 (0.69–1.97) | |
| p trend | 0.28 | 0.22 | |||
| Lifetime average (μg/L) | <42.9 | 54 | 164 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42.9–155.2 | 46 | 191 | 0.73 (0.47–1.14) | 0.78 (0.49–1.22) | |
| >155.2 | 63 | 178 | 1.07 (0.71–1.64) | 1.12 (0.72–1.73) | |
| p trend | 0.46 | 0.40 | |||
| Cumulative exposure ([μg/L]-years) | <2,780 | 55 | 169 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 2,780–10,118.2 | 41 | 191 | 0.66 (0.42–1.04) | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) | |
| >10,118.2 | 67 | 173 | 1.19 (0.79–1.80) | 1.12 (0.72–1.73) | |
| p trend | 0.16 | 0.30 | |||
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference
1
Models adjusted for obesity, age, and smoking status