EXHIBIT 1.
Summary characteristics of Cuyahoga County and five merged comparator counties in the baseline period (2003–08)
| Relative difference |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuyahoga County | Comparator counties | Absolute difference | Percent | 95% CI | |
| POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | |||||
| Adult residents (millions) | 0.97 | 0.51 | 0.46*** | 7.4 | |
| Residents older than 65 (%) | 20.7 | 17.6 | 3.1*** | 15.0 | (10.6, 18.8)*** |
| Male | 46.0 | 47.2 | −1.2*** | −2.6 | (−3, −2.2)*** |
| White | 71.0 | 80.3 | −9.3*** | −13.1 | (−14.2, −11.3)*** |
| Black | 26.7 | 17.7 | 9.0*** | 33.7 | (28.8, 39.0)*** |
| MARKET CHARACTERISTICS (PER 100,000 RESIDENTS) | |||||
| Hospital beds | 516 | 463 | 53*** | 10.3 | (4.6, 15.8)*** |
| Uninsurance rate (%) | 11.2 | 12.2 | −1.0 | −8.9 | (−25.9, 7.1) |
| Unemployed rate (%) | 6.3 | 6.0 | 0.3 | 4.8 | (−4.8, 14.3) |
| AVERAGE HOSPITALIZATION RATES (PER 100,000 ADULT RESIDENTS) | |||||
| All ACSCs combined | 1,440 | 1,211 | 229*** | 15.9 | (13.0, 18.8)*** |
| Congestive heart failure | 619 | 488 | 131*** | 21.2 | (15.7, 26.8)*** |
| Hypertension | 85 | 67 | 18** | 21.2 | (3.5, 40.0)** |
| Diabetes-related | 320 | 266 | 54*** | 16.9 | (10.6, 22.8)** |
| Pneumonia | 416 | 391 | 25 | 6.0 | (−2.4, 14.7) |
| Non-ACSCs | 14,516 | 13,419 | 1,097*** | 7.6 | (4.1, 10.9) |
| AVERAGE HOSPITALIZATION COST | |||||
| All ACSCs combined | $ 6,625 | $ 7,743 | −1,119*** | −16.9 | (−23.6, −10.2)*** |
| Congestive heart failure | 7,361 | 8,179 | −818** | −11.1 | (−19.6, −2.6)** |
| Hypertension | 4,946 | 5,134 | −178 | −3.6 | (−16.2, 9.0) |
| Diabetes-related | 7,041 | 8,675 | −1,634*** | −23.2 | (−29.4, −17)*** |
| Pneumonia | 6,594 | 7,504 | −909*** | −13.8 | (−23.7, −2.4)*** |
| AVERAGE OBSERVATION RATESa (PER 100,000 ADULT RESIDENTS) | |||||
| All ACSCs combined | 113 | 88 | 25 | 22.1 | (−23.0, 67.3) |
| Congestive heart failure | 31 | 21 | 10 | 32.3 | (−16.1, 77.4) |
| Hypertension | 37 | 25 | 12 | 32.4 | (−10.8, 75.7) |
| Diabetes-related | 31 | 25 | 6 | 19.4 | (−15.2, 58.1) |
| Pneumonia | 14 | 17 | 3 | 21.4 | (−114.3, 78.6) |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the Ohio Hospital Association and the Area Health Resources Files (note 24 in text). NOTES Hospitalization rates were adjusted for sex and age. Costs of hospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC) adjusted for inflation (using the Consumer Price Index) to represent 2014 dollars. Significance of differences was determined by standard t-tests, with 95 percent confidence intervals presented for relative differences.
a
Hospital observation data were not available for 2003–05. ACSC is ambulatory care-sensitive condition.
**
p < 0.05
***
p < 0.01