EXHIBIT 3.

Difference-in-differences (DD) between Cuyahoga County and five merged comparator counties before and after initiation of the Better Health Partnership in hospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSCs)

Hospitalization rate	Pre period (2003–08)	Early post period (2009–11)	DD estimates for early post period	Later post period (2012–14)	DD estimates for later post period
ALL ACSCS COMBINED
Mean difference in rates	229***	122**	−106***	125**	−91**
Conventional standard error	(20.6)	(34.6)	(34.7)	(43.5)	(34.8)
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Mean difference in rates	131.0***	98.8***	−30.7*	81.7***	−48.5***
Conventional standard error	(15.5)	(17.3)	(15.7)	(16.1)	(15.7)
DIABETES-RELATED
Mean difference in rates	54.1***	31.2***	−22.3**	28.8***	−21.1**
Conventional standard error	(8.9)	(10.2)	(8.7)	(9.1)	(8.7)
HYPERTENSION
Mean difference in rates	18.4**	3.6	−15.3***	4.1	−13.7***
Conventional standard error	(6.8)	(5.2)	(4.0)	(7.6)	(4.0)
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Mean difference in rates	25.4	−11.2	−37.9**	10.9	−7.5
Conventional standard error	(16.6)	(12.5)	(15.9)	(19.5)	(15.9)
NON-ACSCS
Mean difference in rates	1,097.3***	790.7**	−291.6	906.3**	−153.5
Conventional standard error	(234.4)	(328.0)	(334.6)	(367.6)	(335.2)

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the Ohio Hospital Association. NOTE Estimates were generated by applying analytic weights to address heteroskedasticity arising from variation in county populations.

^*p < 0.10

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.01