Table 1.

Summary of the impact of ethanol on NE neuronal function

Change	Region	Measurement	Species	References
NE neuron activity
Acute ethanol
Decrease	LC	Electrophysiology (in vivo)	Rodent	Aston-Jones et al. (1982), Strahlendorf and Strahlendorf (1983), and Verbanck et al. (1990)
Decrease	LC	Electrophysiology (ex vivo)	Rodent	Osmanovic and Shefner (1994), Shefner and Tabakoff (1985), and Verbanck et al. (1990)
Rebound increase	LC	Electrophysiology (ex vivo)	Rodent	Shefner and Tabakoff (1985) and Verbanck et al. (1990)
Increase	LC, NTS	c-Fos	Rodent	Aimino et al. (2017), Chang et al. (1995), Kolodziejska-Akiyama et al. (2005), Lee et al. (2011), Ryabinin et al. (1997), and Thiele et al. (1997, 2000)
Chronic ethanol
Increase	LC	c-Fos	Rodent	Males (Knapp et al. 1998; Putzke et al. 1996; Ryabinin et al. 1997) females but not males (Retson et al. 2015)
Decrease	LC	c-Fos	Rodent	Males (Rodberg et al. 2017)
NE release/measurement
Acute ethanol
Increase	CSF/plasma	NE, metabolites (MHPG)	Human	Borg et al. (1981) and Howes and Reid (1985)
Increase	Whole brain	Metabolites (DHPG, VMA)	Rodent	Alari et al. (1987b), Corrodi et al. (1966), Karoum et al. (1976), and Murphy et al. (1983)
Decrease	Whole brain	NE	Rodent	Alari et al. (1987a) and Murphy et al. (1983)
Chronic ethanol
Increase	CSF	Metabolites (MHPG)	Human	Borg et al. (1981)
Increase	Whole brain	Metabolites (DHPG, VMA)	Rodent	Karoum et al. (1976)
Increase	PFC	Evoked extracellular NE	Rodent	Lanteri et al. (2008)

As discussed in the text above, there has been longstanding interest in understanding how ethanol alters noradrenergic activity, and norepinephrine release/turnover. Some key findings are summarized in this table

BLA basolateral amygdala, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, DHPG 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, MHPG 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol, NAc nucleus accumbens, LC locus coeruleus, NTS nucleus tractus solitarius, PFC prefrontal cortex, VMA vanillomandelic acid