Comparison 2. TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Global state: 1a. No substantial improvement (defined as slight improvement or worse) ‐ by time period	28	1016	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.98, 1.14]
1.1 by 3 months	22	816	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.94, 1.15]
1.2 3 months to 1 year	5	175	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.93, 1.24]
1.3 1 year to 2 years	1	25	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.87, 1.36]
2 Global state: 1b. No substantial improvement (short term) ‐ by rater's role	4		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 doctor rated	1	29	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.48, 1.53]
2.2 nurse rated	1	29	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.74, 1.32]
2.3 patent rated	3	131	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.54, 1.32]
3 Global state: 1d. No substantial improvement ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ acute vs chronic	24	833	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.97, 1.14]
3.1 acutely ill people	10	351	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.84, 1.27]
3.2 chronically ill people	14	482	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.96, 1.15]
4 Global state: 1e. No substantial improvement ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ mixed diagnoses vs schizophrenia only	21	792	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.91, 1.13]
4.1 mixed diagnoses ‐ short term studies only	4	115	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.80, 1.53]
4.2 schizophrenia only ‐ short term studies	17	677	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.90, 1.12]
5 Global state: 2. Not discharged from hospital ‐ by time period	3	121	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.82, 1.47]
5.1 by 3 months	1	43	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.79, 1.58]
5.2 3 months to 1 year	2	78	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.62, 1.80]
6 Global state: 3. Use of additional antipsychotics or sedatives	3	78	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.33, 1.91]
7 Mental state: 1. Delusions and hallucinations by the end of the study	1	22	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.39, 4.62]
8 Mental state: 2. Other specific effects	9		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 anxious	1	31	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.02, 8.08]
8.2 depressed	5	244	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.33, 1.40]
8.3 excitement	5	273	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.17, 1.58]
9 Behaviour: 1. No improvement (Wings Behaviour Rating Scale)	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.47, 2.14]
10 Behaviour: 2. Specific effects	4		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 lethargy	2	85	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.23, 2.21]
10.2 restlessness	1	54	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.8 [0.24, 2.66]
10.3 violent and aggressive	1	54	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.5 [0.05, 5.19]
10.4 unspecified behavioural problems	2	129	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.08 [0.21, 5.49]
11 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason ‐ by time period	32	1300	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.22 [0.92, 1.62]
11.1 by 3 months	22	930	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.83, 1.58]
11.2 by 3 months to 1 year	9	345	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.80 [0.99, 3.27]
11.3 by 1 year to 2 years	1	25	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.03, 1.36]
12 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events ‐ by time period	8	320	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.24 [0.49, 3.11]
12.1 by 3 months	3	129	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.11, 4.05]
12.2 by 3 months to 1 year	5	191	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.54 [0.53, 4.49]
13 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse or worsening ‐ by time period	13	431	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.31 [0.72, 2.38]
13.1 by 3 months	6	203	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.41, 2.78]
13.2 by 3 months to 1 year	6	203	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.74 [0.78, 3.85]
13.3 by 1 year to 2 years	1	25	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.19 [0.01, 3.52]
14 Leaving the study early: 4. Due to refusal of treatment ‐ by time period	3	110	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.27, 2.50]
14.1 by 3 months	2	85	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.28, 3.52]
14.2 by 1 year to 2 years	1	25	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.05, 4.46]
15 Adverse events: 1. Reporting at least one adverse event	14	585	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.88, 1.13]
16 Adverse events: 2. Anticholinergic	16		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
16.1 blurred vision	14	606	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.91, 1.55]
16.2 constipation	7	276	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.75, 1.10]
16.3 dry mouth	11	466	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.77, 1.44]
16.4 nasal congestion	3	149	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.61 [0.47, 5.48]
16.5 urinary difficulties	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.0 [0.20, 20.33]
16.6 unspecified	2	129	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.43, 2.49]
17 Adverse events: 3. Cardiovascular	11		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
17.1 any unspecified cardiovascular problem	2	129	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.21 [0.54, 2.73]
17.2 ECG abnormalities ‐ minor	1	29	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.45, 2.55]
17.3 hypertension	2	111	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.26 [0.21, 7.66]
17.4 hypotension	6	252	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.55 [0.28, 1.10]
17.5 palpitations	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.39, 2.58]
17.6 syncope	2	97	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.06, 2.17]
17.7 tachycardia	1	57	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.09, 2.10]
18 Adverse events: 4. Endocrine	7		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
18.1 amenorrhoea	2	62	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.24, 2.86]
18.2 galactorrhoea	2	71	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.16, 3.86]
18.3 weight gain >10 lb	5	207	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.25 [0.92, 1.71]
18.4 weight loss >10 lb	2	116	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.00 [0.54, 7.45]
19 Adverse events: 5a. Extrapyramidal ‐ non specific	28		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
19.1 any unspecifed extrapramidal effect	12	485	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.12 [0.88, 1.42]
19.2 use of antiparkinson agents	19	707	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.86, 1.25]
20 Adverse events: 5b. Extrapyramidal ‐ specific problems	20		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
20.1 akathisia	18	719	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.70, 1.17]
20.2 dyskinesia, tardive	2	62	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.54 [0.71, 9.02]
20.3 dystonic symptoms ‐ unspecified	14	520	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.72, 1.65]
20.4 facial expression abnormal	4	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.33, 1.16]
20.5 gait, Parkinsonian	5	152	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.67, 1.57]
20.6 oculogyric crisis	3	101	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.21 [0.52, 2.82]
20.7 Parkinsonism syndrome	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	7.24 [1.00, 52.64]
20.8 rigidity	15	636	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.79, 1.42]
20.9 salivation, increased	7	283	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.08 [0.64, 1.84]
20.10 tremor	14	612	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.75, 1.12]
21 Adverse effects: 5c. Extrapyramidal ‐ average daily dose of antiparkinson agent (trihexyphenidyl)	1	40	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.2 [‐2.78, ‐1.62]
22 Adverse events: 5d‐i. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ high vs low potency control groups ‐ any effect	12	485	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.12 [0.88, 1.42]
22.1 vs high potency control group	9	355	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.79, 1.34]
22.2 vs low potency control group	3	130	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.66 [1.03, 2.67]
23 Adverse events: 5d‐ii. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ high vs low potency control groups ‐ rigidity	15	636	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.79, 1.42]
23.1 vs high potency control group	12	513	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.79, 1.36]
23.2 vs low potency control group	3	123	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.29 [0.36, 4.60]
24 Adverse events: 5d‐iii. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ high vs low potency control groups ‐ anti'p drugs	19	707	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.86, 1.25]
24.1 vs high potency control group	13	430	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.76, 1.15]
24.2 vs low potency control group	6	277	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.68 [0.80, 3.50]
25 Adverse events: 5d‐iv. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ specific drugs ‐ any effect	9	355	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.79, 1.34]
25.1 vs loxapine	5	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.91, 1.46]
25.2 vs other high potency antipsichotics	4	130	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.49, 1.43]
26 Adverse events: 6. Gastrointestinal	12		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
26.1 any ‐ unspecified	2	129	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.67 [0.58, 4.82]
26.2 abdominal discomfort	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.22, 2.01]
26.3 diarrhoea	2	111	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.94 [0.47, 18.60]
26.4 nausea or vomiting	11	457	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.51, 1.32]
27 Adverse events: 7. Haematological	7		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
27.1 any haematological abnormality ‐ unpsecified	1	87	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.95 [0.52, 7.32]
27.2 blood cell count ‐ eosinophilia >5%	1	29	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.43 [0.39, 5.28]
27.3 blood cell count ‐ leukocytosis	2	72	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.17 [0.43, 3.15]
27.4 liver enzyme elevation ‐ alkaline phosphatase	2	54	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.25, 1.39]
27.5 liver enzyme elevation ‐ bilirubin	2	68	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.03, 0.92]
27.6 liver enzyme elevation ‐ SGOT	4	169	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.17, 4.07]
27.7 liver enzyme elevation ‐ SGPT	2	81	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.28 [0.05, 1.62]
27.8 renal function ‐ urea nitrogen elevated	1	29	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.61 [0.31, 8.24]
28 Adverse events: 8. Neurological	14		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
28.1 confusional state	3	150	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.46, 2.95]
28.2 convulsions	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	5.0 [0.25, 99.34]
28.3 dizziness or giddiness	3	125	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.81 [0.71, 4.61]
28.4 faintness or weakness	12	537	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.27 [0.91, 1.77]
28.5 parasthesia	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.34, 2.93]
28.6 urinary incontinence	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	7.00 [0.38, 129.11]
29 Adverse events: 9. Somnolescence	20		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
29.1 drowsiness	20	816	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.72, 1.10]
29.2 insomnia	12	469	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.23 [0.87, 1.73]
30 Adverse events: 10. Miscellaneous	19		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
30.1 anorexia	6	228	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.34 [0.81, 2.20]
30.2 breathlessness	1	57	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.02, 8.69]
30.3 bulimia	1	57	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.02, 8.69]
30.4 difficulty swallowing	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	7.00 [0.38, 129.11]
30.5 eye changes ‐slight pigmentation	1	25	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.09, 1.56]
30.6 eye changes ‐ worsening of cataracts	2	114	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.0 [0.38, 10.49]
30.7 headache	5	169	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.59, 1.32]
30.8 hiccough	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	5.38 [0.27, 106.98]
30.9 joint pain	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.25 [0.39, 3.99]
30.10 lacrimation	1	57	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.02, 8.69]
30.11 local tissue reactions (IM preparations)	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.5 [0.05, 5.18]
30.12 oedema of face	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	7.00 [0.38, 129.11]
30.13 rashes	10	489	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.53, 2.33]
30.14 sweating, facial	2	84	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.97 [0.47, 2.01]
30.15 sweating, general	3	128	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.12, 1.80]
30.16 unspecified	2	129	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.52 [0.52, 4.48]
31 Patient's drug preference: Would prefer a different medication	1	54	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.52, 1.31]