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. 2020 Jan 5;50(1):15–46. doi: 10.1111/hepr.13438

Table 17.

Pathological findings on autopsy

Hepatocellular carcinoma

n (%)

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

n (%)

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma

n (%)
Autopsy n = 2855 n = 248 n = 35
No 2770 (97.0) 242 (97.6) 35 (100.0)
Yes 85 (3.0) 6 (2.4) 0 (0.0)
Liver weight n = 56 n = 5 n = 0
Not measured 7 (12.5) 2 (40.0) 0 (0.0)
400–499 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤599 1 (1.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤699 2 (3.6) 1 (20.0) 0 (0.0)
≤799 4 (7.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤899 5 (8.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤999 6 (10.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1099 2 (3.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1199 1 (1.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1299 1 (1.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1399 7 (12.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1499 1 (1.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1599 4 (7.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1699 2 (3.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1799 1 (1.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1899 2 (3.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤1999 3 (5.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≥2000 7 (12.5) 2 (40) 0 (0.0)
Maximum tumor diameter n = 54 n = 3 n = 0
≤1 cm 2 (3.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤2 cm 5 (9.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤3 cm 5 (9.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤5 cm 12 (22.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤10 cm 18 (33.3) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0)
≤15 cm 6 (11.1) 2 (66.7) 0 (0.0)
≤20 cm 5 (9.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≤25 cm 1 (1.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
>25 cm 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Capsule formation n = 34 n = 2 n = 0
fc (−) 11 (32.4) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.0)
fc (+) 23 (67.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Portal vein invasion n = 5 n = 3 n = 0
vp0 25 (45.5) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.0)
vp1 9 (16.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
vp2 4 (7.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
vp3 6 (10.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
vp4 11 (20.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Hepatic vein invasion n = 52 n = 3 n = 0
vv0 31 (59.6) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.0)
vv1 6 (11.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
vv2 5 (9.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
vv3 10 (19.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Hepatic artery invasion n = 42 n = 3 n = 0
va0 38 (90.5) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.0)
va1 3 (7.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
va2 1 (2.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
va3 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Bile duct invasion n = 48 n = 3 n = 0
b0 39 (81.3) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.0)
b1 1 (2.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
b2 3 (6.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
b3 4 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
b4 1 (2.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Intrahepatic metastasis n = 54 n = 3 n = 0
im0 22 (40.7) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0)
ims 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
im1 5 (9.3) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0)
im2 8 (14.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
im3 19 (35.2) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0)
Serosal invasion n = 47 n = 3 n = 0
s0 31 (66.0) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.0)
s1 6 (12.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
s2 4 (8.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
s3 (rupture) 6 (12.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Peritoneal dissemination n = 61 n = 4 n = 0
No 51 (83.6) 2 (50.0) 0 (0.0)
Yes 10 (16.4) 2 (50.0) 0 (0.0)
Ascites n = 72 n = 4 n = 0
No 13 (18.1) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0)
Yes 59 (81.9) 3 (75.0) 0 (0.0)
Findings in non‐cancerous liver parenchyma n = 65 n = 3 n = 0
Normal 3 (4.6) 2 (66.7) 0 (0.0)
Chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis 20 (30.8) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0)
Liver cirrhosis 42 (64.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Extrahepatic metastasis n = 53 n = 6 n = 0
Lung 23 (43.4) 3 (50.0) 0 (0.0)
Bone 11 (20.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Brain 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Intraperitoneal organs 7 (13.2) 3 (50.0) 0 (0.0)
Adrenal gland 6 (11.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Skin 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Other 6 (11.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Lymph node metastasis n = 63 n = 4 n = 0
n0 51 (81.0) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0)
n1 12 (19.0) 3 (75.0) 0 (0.0)
Esophagus/gastric varices n = 63 n = 4 n = 0
No 29 (46.0) 4 (100.0) 0 (0.0)
Yes 34 (54.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Splenomegaly n = 63 n = 4 n = 0
No 31 (49.2) 3 (75.0) 0 (0.0)
Yes 32 (50.8) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0)

For all parameters, n is the total number of patients, excluding those in the “unknown” category, and (%) is the percentage of n.

b0, no invasion of bile duct, b1, branches of the bile duct, but not of second order branches; b2, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the second order branches of the bile duct; b3, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the first order branches of the bile duct; b4, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the common hepatic duct; fc (−), absence of capsule formation; fc (+), presence of capsule formation; fc‐inf (−), absence of cancerous infiltration of the tumor capsule; fc‐inf (+), presence of cancerous infiltration of the tumor capsule; im0, absence of intrahepatic metastasis; im1, intrahepatic metastasis within the subsegment in which the principal tumor is located; im2, intrahepatic metastasis in two segments; im3, intrahepatic metastasis to three or more segments; ims, intrahepatic metastasis within the subsegment in which the principal tumor is located; sf (−), absence of formation of a fibrous septum within the tumor; sf (+), presence of fibrous septum within the tumor; s0, absence of invasion of the serosa; s1, tumor invasion of the serosa; s2, tumor invasion of adjacent organs; s3,tumor rupture with intraperitoneal bleeding; va0, absence of invasion of the hepatic artery; va1, invasion distal to the second order branches of the hepatic artery, but not of the second order branches; va2, invasion to the second order branches of the hepatic artery; va3, invasion to the left or right hepatic artery, or the proper hepatic artery; vp0, absence of invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the portal vein; vp1, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) distal to the second order branches of the portal vein, but not of the second order branches; vp2, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) second order branches of the portal vein; vp3, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) first order branches of the portal vein; vp4, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the main trunk of the portal vein and/or contra‐lateral portal vein branch to the primarily involved lobe; vv0, absence of invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the hepatic vein; vv1, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) peripheral branches of the hepatic vein; vv2, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the right, middle, or left hepatic vein, the inferior right hepatic vein, or the short hepatic vein; vv3, invasion of (or tumor thrombus in) the inferior vena cava.