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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 16.
Published in final edited form as: Dalton Trans. 2019 Jul 16;48(28):10581–10595. doi: 10.1039/c9dt02189b

Table 2.

Transition metal catalyzed Z-isomerization of all-trans-retinoid using microwave irradiation. a,b

graphic file with name nihms-1551403-t0011.jpg
Entry Sub Time Temp (°C) Conversionc (%) Selectivity of 9-cisd (%) Ratio range (13-cis: 9-cis) Effective Cat
1 1a 5 min 80 27 58, 60 0.67: 1 I, V
2 1b 10 min 100 24 93 0.07- 0.09: 1 I, V
3 1c 15 min 80 23-27 67, 85 0.2- 0.5: 1 I, V
a

Reaction conditions: all-trans-retinoid (0.1 mmol) and catalyst (2 mol %) under N2 as determined by HPLC.

b

Each yield was averaged from n ≥ 2 reactions.

c

Conversion to Z-isomer of the most effective catalysts.

d

Yields of 9-cis-isomer for the most effective catalysts. No reaction occurred without a catalyst for all substrates.