Table 1.

Experimental animal studies of early-life arsenic (As) exposure and diabetes-related outcomes

1st author, year	Animal Model (diet)	Water As Dose (mg/L)	Exposure Period			Diabetes-related outcomes	Results (age and sex offspring)
			Pre-mating	In- utero	Post- birth
Davila-Esqueda, 2011	Wistar rats (standard chow)	0, 3	Yes	Yes	Yes	FPG, GTT, HbA1c, pancreatic insulin, HOMA-IR, HDL-c, TGL	↑FPG, ↑GTT, ↑HbA1c, ↑pancreatic insulin, ↑HOMA-IR, ~HDLc, ~TGL (4 mo old F, not in M)
Sanchez- Soria, 2014	Webster mice (standard chow)	0, 0.1	No	Yes	No	FPG, HDL-c, TGL, NAFLD	↑FPG, ↑HDL-c, ~TGL, NFALD +2 score (4, 8 mo. old F and M)
Ditzel, 2016	Webster mice (western-style)	0, 0.1	No	Yes	No/Yes *	FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TGL, NAFLD, metabolomics (337 compounds)	↑FPG, ↑HbA1c, ↑HOMA-IR, ↑TGL, NAFLD+4/+6, alterations in glycolysis and liver metabolites (13 wk. old F, M)
Bonaventura, 2017	Sprage-Dawley rats (standard chow)	0, 5, 50	No	Yes	Yes	FPG, GTT, pancreatic insulin, HOMA-IR	~FPG, ~GTT, ↑ pancreatic insulin (M, F), ↑HOMA-IR (F) (4, 8 wk)
Huang, 2018	C57BL/6J mice (AN93G w/wo folate/B12 suppl.)	0, 0.1, 1	Yes	Yes	No	FPG, GTT, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR	↑FPG (M**), ~FPG (F), ~GTT (M, F), ↑plasma insulin (M**), ↑HOMA-IR (M**) (8, 14 wk old)

^*Litters were split in 2 groups, one with/one without arsenic exposure post-birth.

^**Significant results found for those with an adequate diet.

F: female, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, GTT: glucose tolerance test, HbA1C: hemoglobin A1C, HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, M: male, mo: month, NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, TGL: triglycerides, wk: week.