Table 2. Potential adverse effects of a single oral administration of desmedipham .

Species	Study	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)	NOAEL (mg/kg bw/day) and critical endpointsa
Rat	Acute toxicity study	5 000	F/M: - F/M: Sedation, dyspnea, flexion, suppressed body weight, rough fur and blanching
	Developmental toxicity study (the 1st study)	0, 10, 100, 1 000	Maternal: 100 Maternal: Suppressed body weight and decreased feed consumption
	Developmental toxicity study (the 2nd study)	0, 10, 100, 500	Maternal: 100 Maternal: Suppressed body weight and decreased feed consumption
	Developmental toxicity study (the 3rd study)	0, 60, 250, 1 000	Maternal: 250 Maternal: Suppressed body weight and decreased feed consumption
Mouse	Acute toxicity study	3 500	M: 3 500 F: - F: Dyspnea, hypothermia and coma
Rabbit	Developmental toxicity study (the 1st study)	0, 50, 150, 450	Maternal: 150 Maternal: Suppressed body weight and feed consumption
	Developmental toxicity study (the 2nd study)	0, 30, 90, 270	Maternal: 90 Maternal: Suppressed body weight and feed consumption
ARfD			NOAEL: 90 SF: 100 ARfD: 0.9
The critical study for setting ARfD			Developmental toxicity study in rabbits (the 2nd study)

ARfD, Acute reference dose; SF, Safety factor; NOAEL, No-observed-adverse-effect level; -, NOAEL could not be specified

^a, The adverse effect observed at LOAEL