Table 1.
Root metabolites affecting nematode movement.
| Plant species/ synthetic chemicals | Root metabolites | Assay concentrations | Test system | Nematodes affected | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Tomato Solanum lycopersicum | Methyl salicylate | 40, 80, 160 ng/µl dissolved in hexane, hexane as negative control | Olfactory assay with sterilized sand | Meloidogyne incognita | Attractant | (Murungi et al., 2018) |
| 1Spinach Spinacia oleracea | 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, tridecane | 40, 80, 160 ng/µl dissolved in hexane, hexane as negative control | Olfactory assay with sterilized sand | M. incognita | Attractant | (Murungi et al., 2018) |
| 1Pepper Capsicum annuum | Methyl salicylate, α-pinene, limonene and tridecane | 20, 40, 80 ng/µl µl dissolved in hexane, hexane as negative control | Olfactory assay with sand | M. incognita | Attractant | (Kihika et al., 2017) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Isoamyl alcohol, 1-butanol, and 2-butanone | Dissolved in sterile ethanol (0.05% v/v) final concentration NA, water as negative control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Attractant | (Shivakumara et al., 2018) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Salicylic acid | 20, 50, 100, 200 µg/ml; controls consisted of the compound solvent (0.5% DMSO, 2.5 mM NaOH or distilled water), 1% acetic acid as a repellent and 0.5 M CaCl2 as an attractant control. | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Attractant | (Wuyts et al., 2006) |
| 1Tomato S. lycopersicum | Zeatin | 4, 15.6, 62.3, 250, 1000 ng/μl dissolved in 2% DMSO; 2% DMSO as negative control and 100 ng/μlmethyl salicylate as positive control | Sand assay | M. incognita | Attractant | (Kirwa et al., 2018) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Dopamine | 20, 50, 100, 200 µg/ml; controls consisted of the compound solvent (0.5% DMSO, 2.5 mM NaOH or distilled water), 1% acetic acid as a repellent and 0.5 M CaCl2 as an attractant control. | In vitro assay | Radophulus similis | Attractant | (Wuyts et al., 2006) |
| 1Tomato S. lycopersicum | L-ascorbyl 2, 6-dipalmitate; 2, 6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol; dibutyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate | 0.5mM, 1.1mM, 2.2mM dissolved in 1% ethanol, 1% ethanol as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Dimethyl phthalate repellent, all four compounds nematicidal | (Yang et al., 2016) |
| 1Castor Ricinus communis | Palmitic acid and linoleic acid | 0.5,1, 2, 4 mM dissolved in methanol, methanol as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Repellent | (Dong et al., 2018) |
| 1Tomato S. lycopersicum | Quercetin | 4, 15.6, 62.3, 250, 1000 ng/μl dissolved in 2% DMSO; 2% DMSO as negative control, 100 ng/μl methyl salicylate as positive control | Sand assay | M. incognita | Low concentration act as attractant and higher concentration as repellent | (Kirwa et al., 2018) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | 1-octanol | Dissolved in sterile ethanol (0.05% v/v), final concentration NA, water as negative control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Repellent | (Shivakumara et al., 2018) |
| 2Marigold Tagetes patula, 2Pepper Capsicum annuum, and 2Soybean Glycine max | Root exudate compounds | Extract doses in bioassays expressed as mg of tip section (mg eq) volume−1, 1 to10 mg equivalent dispenser-1; double distilled water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita and Heterodera glycine | Repellent to root knot nematode and attractant to cyst nematode | (Wang et al., 2018) |
| 2Pea Pisum sativum, 2Snap bean Phaseolus vulgaris, and 2Alfalfa Medicago sativa cv. Thor, cv. Moapa 69, cv. Lahonton | Root tip exudates | Border cells, root tip exudates, and border cells + root tip exudates with water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Repellent to J2s; induced quiescence response, > 80% of the nematodes lost motility | (Zhao et al., 2000) |
| 1Tomato S. lycopersicum and 1Rice Oryza sativa | Small lipophilic molecules | Dissolved in 0.01% ethanol, final concentration NA, 0.01% ethanol and distilled water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita and Meloidogyne graminicola | Repellent | (Dutta et al., 2012) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin | 20, 50, 100, 200 µg/ml; controls consisted of the compound solvent (0.5% DMSO, 2.5 mM NaOH or distilled water), 1% acetic acid as a repellent and 0.5 M CaCl2 as an attractant control | M. incognita | Repellent | (Wuyts et al., 2006) | |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Protocatechuic acid, umbelliferone, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, daidzein, genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin | 20, 50, 100, 200 µg/ml; controls consisted of the compound solvent (0.5% DMSO, 2.5 mM NaOH or distilled water), 1% acetic acid as a repellent and 0.5 M CaCl2 as an attractant control | R. similis | Repellent and nematicidal | (Wuyts et al., 2006) | |
| 2Potato Solanum tuberosum | Unknown volatile metabolites in root exudates | NA | Bioassay in sand | Globodera pallida | Attractants | (Farnier et al., 2012) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Trans-cinnamic acid; p-coumaric acid | Trans-cinnamic acid 270 µM; p-coumaric acid 240 µM, water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Repellent | (Fleming et al., 2017) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Salicylic acid, ethephon, vanillic acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, 6-dimethylallylamino purine, mannitol, arginine and lysine | Salicylic acid 100 µM; ethephon 1, 10, 50 µM; vanillic acid 240 µM; gibberellic acid 115 µM; indole-3-acetic acid 230 µM; 6-dimethylallylamino purine 200 µM; mannitol 5 mM; arginine 5 mM; and lysine, 5 mM; water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Attractants | (Fleming et al., 2017) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon, indole-3-acetic acid, mannitol | Salicylic acid 100 µM; methyl jasmonate 100 µM; ethephon 50 µM; indole-3-acetic acid 230 µM; mannitol 5 mM, water as control | In vitro assay | G. pallida | Attractants | (Fleming et al., 2017) |
| 1Crown daisyGlebionis coronaria | Lauric acid | 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0mM dissolved in methanol, methanol as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Lauric acid (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mM) acts as attractant and lethal trap and also act as repellent (4mM) | (Dong et al., 2014) |
| 2Soybean Glycine max and 2Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana | Metabolites of ethylene pathway | NA | In vitro assay | Heterodera glycines | Ethylene (ET)-synthesis inhibitor and ET-insensitive mutations attractant to cyst nematode | (Hu et al., 2017) |
| 2Thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana | Metabolites of ethylene pathway | NA | In vitro assay | Heterodera schachtii | Ethylene treated Arabidopsis more attractive to nematodes | (Kammerhofer et al., 2015) |
| 2Thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana and 2Tomato S. lycopersicum | Metabolites of ethylene pathway | NA | In vitro assay | Meloidogyne hapla | Ethylene (ET)-synthesis inhibitor and ET-insensitive mutations attractant while ET-overproducing mutants less attractive | (Fudali et al., 2012) |
| 2Tomato S. lycopersicum and 2barrel clover Medicago truncatula | Metabolites of ethylene pathway | NA | In vitro assay | M. hapla, Meloidogyne javanica, and M. incognita | Mutants defective in ethylene signaling of both hosts were found to be more attractive compared to wild type | (Čepulyte et al., 2018) |
1study on effect of both plant and specific metabolites detected in root exudates of the plant, 2study on effect of plant, 3study on effect of synthetic compound on nematodes, NA indicate not applicable.