Table 2.
Nematicidal and nematode inhibitory root metabolites.
| Plant species/ synthetic chemicals | Root metabolites | Assay concentrations | Test system | Nematodes affected |
Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Purified VOC dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and 3-pentanol | DMDS (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 ppm), 3-pentanol (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 ppm), water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Toxicity to J2s and reduced egg masses and gall formation | (Silva et al., 2018) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | DMDS and 3-pentanol | 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Toxicity to eggs and J2s and reduced the number of galls and egg masses | (da Silva et al., 2019) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | DMDS | Actual DMDS concentration N/A | Field trials and pot experiment | M. incognita, M. hapla, Pratylenchus penetrans, Heterodera sp., H. carotae, Globodera sp. | Nematicidal | (Coosemans, 2005; López-Aranda et al., 2009; Curto et al., 2014; Leocata et al., 2014; Zanón et al., 2014; Myrta et al., 2018) |
| 1Arugula Eruca sativa | Erucin | 1 to 1000 ppm, water and mixture of methanol and aqueous Tween 20 at 0.3% (v/v) as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Nematicidal | (Aissani et al., 2015) |
| 1Siam weed Chromolaena odorata | 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids | 7, 70, 350 ppm, water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Nematicidal | (Thoden et al., 2007) |
| 1Smooth Crotalaria Crotalaria pallida | Root exudates compounds - Proteinaceous papain inhibitor | Proteinaceous papain inhibitor 0.2, 0.5, 1 μg/μL, water and buffer as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Nematostatic and nematicidal | (Andrade et al., 2010) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Butyric, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids | 100, 1000, 2000 μM dissolved in Tween-80/dimethyl sulfoxide/acetone/water, Tween-80/dimethyl sulfoxide/acetone/water as control | In vitro assay for mortality assessment, planted pot experiment for reproduction assessment | M. incognita | Mortality of J2s and reduced reproduction | (Zhang et al., 2012) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Glucosinolates plus myrosinase, hydrolysis products gluconasturtiin, glucotropaeolin, glucoerucin, sinigrin, glucoraphasatin, gluconapin, glucoiberin, sinalbin, epi-progoitrin, glucoraphanin, glucoconringiin | 0.0025 to 25 mM, phosphate buffer as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Nematicidal | (Lazzeri et al., 1993; Lazzeri et al., 2004) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Glucosinolates plus myrosinase | Dehydroerucin, gloconapin, glucotropeolin, sinigrin; 0.005, 0.05, 0.5% (w/v), phosphate buffer as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita | Nematicidal | (Lazzeri et al., 1993; Lazzeri et al., 2004) |
| 1Rattlepod Crotalaria sp. and 1Ragwort Senecio jacobaea | 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids | 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mg/ml, water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita, H. schachtii, P. penetrans, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Rhabditis sp. | Nematicidal and ovicidal | (Thoden et al., 2009a) |
| 1Alfalfa Medicago sativa | Medicagenic acid | 125, 250, 500, 1,000 μg/ml | In vitro assay | M. incognita and Xiphinema index | Nematicidal | (D’Addabbo et al., 2011) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Sinigrin, glucosinalbin, gluconapin, epi-progoitrin, erucin, glucoiberin | 0.05, 0.30, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml, water as control | In vitro assay | H. carotae and X. index | Nematicidal | (Avato et al., 2013) |
| 1Rye Secale cereale | Benzoxazinoids (DIMBOA, DIBOA, MBOA and BOA | 0, 0.9, 4.5, 9, 22.5, 45, 67.5, and 90 mg/ml, deionized water as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita and Xiphinema americanum | Nematicidal | (Zasada et al., 2005) |
| 1Plume poppy Macleaya cordata | Sanguinarine, chelerytherine and allocryptopine | 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 µg/ml, dissolved in 5% of acetone, 5% of acetone as control | In vitro assay | M. incognita, Caenorhabditis elegans and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus | Nematicidal | (Kui et al., 2015) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Thymol, benzaldehyde | Thymol (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm) to soil in combination with benzaldehyde (0, 50, and 100 ppm), dissolved in ethanol, ethanol as control | Planted pot experiment | Meloidogyne areneria, Heterodera minor, Paratrichodorus minor, Dorylaimoid nematode | Reduced root galling, cyst formation, suppressed population growth | (Soler-Serratosa et al., 1996) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Geraniol | 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm dissolved in water with ethanol and Tween-20, distilled water and water with ethanol and Tween-20 as control | In vitro assay | M. javanica | Nematicidal | (Nasiou and Giannakou, 2018) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Me pelargonate and ethylene glycol pelargonate | 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 µl active ingredient l-1, deionized water as control | In vitro assay | M. javanica and H. glycines | Reduced number of galls and cysts | (Davis et al., 1997) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | α-terthienyl and gallic and linoleic acids | 0.00125, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01 mg/ml, dissolved in DMSO, DMSO and water as control, carbufuran as positive control | In vitro assay | Heterodera zeae | Nematicidal | (Faizi et al., 2011) |
| 3Synthetic chemicals | Mixture of glucosinolates and active myrosinase | 0.00125, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01 mg/ml glucosinolate stock, myrosinase 0.05, 0.3, 1.0 mg/ml, dissolved in DMSO, water and DMSO as controls | In vitro assay | Globodera rostochiensis | Nematicidal | (Buskov et al., 2002; Aires et al., 2009) |
| 2Sticky nightshade Solanum sisymbriifolium and 2Nightshade Solanum nigrum | Root exudates compounds | NA | In vitro assay | Pratylenchus goodeyi | Nematicidal | (Gouveia et al., 2014) |
1study on effect of both plant and specific metabolites in root exudates of the plant, 2study on effect of plant, 3study on effect of synthetic compound on nematodes, NA indicate not applicable.