Table 4.
Summary of studies reporting impact of depression after subarachnoid hemorrhage on patients’ lives
| Study | Outcomes | Associations with outcomes | Confounders adjusted for | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work | ||||
| Buunk et al. (2015) [30] | Unemployment | Unemployed patients had higher level of depression (HADS-D score: 4.98±4.57 vs. 3.01±3.41, P<0.05). | None | |
| Hedlund et al. (2011) [62] | Unemployment | Patients with a lifetime history of depression has higher rate of unemployment (χ2=5.5, P=0.019). | None | |
| Boerboom et al. (2016) [24] | Unemployment | Depression predicted unemployment (OR, 1.126; 95% CI, 1.01–1.25; P=0.031) | Age, gender, cognitive function | |
| Carter et al. (2000) [61] | Unemployment | Depression predicted unemployment (OR, 10.5; 95% CI, 3.3–33.7; P<0.001) | Age, physical disability, neurological deficits | |
| Fertl et al. (1999) [51] | Reduced work capacity | Depression was more common amongst patients with reduced work capacity (P<0.001). | None | |
| HRQOL and related outcomes | ||||
| Passier et al. (2012) [16] | HRQOL | Depressive symptoms did not predict HRQOL. | Gender, education level, aneurysm location, discharge destination, cognitive function, level of impairment | |
| Taufique et al. (2016) [52] | HRQOL | Depression predicted poor HRQOL (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.7–7.3; P=0.02). | Age, ethnicity, education level, history of anxiety, neurological assessments, dmission CT scan grading, complications | |
| Vetkas et al. (2013) [59] | HRQOL | Depressive symptoms were related to lower mental health component score of HRQOL (β=–8.8, SE=1.6, P<0.05). | Anxiety, agoraphobia-panic, fatigue and insomnia symptoms | |
| Meyer et al. (2010) [44] | HRQOL | Depression predicted poor HRQOL (β=–1.80, 95% CI, –4.01 to –0.06, P=0.03). | Gender, marital status, education, clinical status on admission, functional disability | |
| King et al. (2009) [37] | HRQOL | Depressive symptoms was correlated with lower HRQOL (ρ=–0.52, P<0.001). | Disability, anxiety symptoms | |
| Brand et al. (2015) [65] | HRQOL | No association | None | |
| Fertl et al. (1999) [51] | Satisfaction in life | Depressive symptoms was correlated with lower satisfaction in life (r=–0.46, P<0.01). | None | |
| Functional outcomes | ||||
| Wong et al. (2013) [56] | Functional outcomes | Depression predicted unfavorable outcome (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.1–1.3; P<0.001). | Cognitive deficits, neurological deficits | |
| Buunk et al. (2018) [26] | Functional outcomes | No association | Fatigue and anxiety symptoms | |
| Hütter et al. (1995) [20] | Functional impairment in daily life | Depression was correlated with functional impairment in daily life (r=0.63, P<0.001). | None | |
| Other outcomes | ||||
| Buunk et al. (2015) [30] | Leisure and social activities | HADS-D score correlated with problems in leisure (r=0.45, P<0.01) and social (r=0.51, P<0.01) activities. | None | |
| Carter et al. (2000) [61] | Reintegration to normal living | Depression predicted reintegration to normal living (OR, 15.2; 95% CI, 6.4–36.2; P<0.001). | Age, physical disability, neurological deficits | |
| Passier et al. (2011) [15] | Fatigue | Depressive symptoms predicted severity of fatigue (F=4.10, P=0.046). | Level of impairment | |
HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-depression subscale; OR, odd ratio; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; CT, computed tomography; SE, standard error.